浅谈脑血管畸形致猝死的法医学鉴定

引起猝死的第一大原因是心血管系统的疾病 ,其次是脑血管畸形。脑血管畸形破裂引起蛛网膜下腔出血 (ＳＡＨ)是导致猝死的主要机制。先天性血管畸形导致死亡的原因常见于蛛网膜下腔出血或脑室积血 ,或血凝块压迫延髓而死亡。充分了解脑血管畸形的病理学特征及分布规律 ,抓住鉴定中应注意的问题 ,对实际鉴定工作有很大帮助。一、脑血管畸形的类型和病理变化脑血管畸形属于非真性肿瘤型血管性肿瘤 ,是胚胎残留血管网的畸形发展。大致有以下 5种情形 :1.毛细血管扩张症 :最好发部位是桥脑正中缝 ,其次是大脑导水管区及大脑皮质和白质区。具有遗…     

脑血管畸形出血死亡的法医病理学分析

法医病理尸检中,因脑血管畸形出血死亡案例并不少见,本文通过3例脑血管畸形的尸检案例,探讨脑血管畸形的组织病理学特点,出血机理以及损伤参与度在死因分析中的应用,旨在提高法医病理的诊断水平。     

127例蛛网膜下腔出血案例的法医学研究

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)对保险公司的直接请求权,从而缓解了患者在请求赔偿方面的特点及法医学鉴定要点。方法通过对华西医科大学法医鉴定中心1983-2001年尸检检出的127例各种原因所致的SAH案例进行回顾性分析。结果各类SAH案例,男性明显多于女性,男女性别比为3:1,高峰年龄为21~40岁。按SAH常见特征可分为外伤性、脑血管畸形、动脉瘤、脑血管粥样硬化、中毒、伴发于心脏疾患、其他等八类。其中,外伤性与脑血管畸形最为多见。外伤性SAH与脑血管畸形出血可见于任何年龄,多见于11~50岁,脑血管粥样硬化出血仅见于50岁以上者,动脉瘤破裂出血者并不多见,见于11~50岁。以SAH为死亡原因者,32例,占25%,多见于脑血管畸形与动脉瘤破裂,出血部位多见于脑底及小脑天幕以下。大多数SAH,出血部位多见于大脑表面,较为局限,出血量较少,非死亡的主要原因。结论多数SAH并非导致死亡的主要原因,SAH死亡者,其死亡性质多属自然死亡。     

广东地区622例猝死案例的流行病学调查

目的研究广东地区622例猝死案例的流行病学特征,为探讨猝死的发病机制、鉴定指标提供基础依据。方法收集中山大学法医鉴定中心2009至2012年622例确诊猝死的案例,运用统计学方法对一般情况、临床病历、法医学尸体解剖所见及病理学诊断等资料进行回顾性分析。结果 622例中心源性猝死为主要类型,占59.49%,以中青年男性多见(30~50岁男性占43.78%),冠心病为主要病因,发病呈年轻化(≤35岁者占17.89%);心源性猝死、其它系统疾病猝死、不明原因猝死3组之间心脏重量存在明显差异(P0.05);青壮年猝死综合征与心源性猝死组中胸腺肥大或出血阳性率存在差异(P0.05)。结论心源性猝死为猝死主要类型,发病呈年轻化,中青年男性为甚,冠心病为主要病因;胸腺肥大或出血引起个体应激系统障碍可能是致猝死机制之一。     

脑血管畸形出血死亡的法医学鉴定

脑血管畸形是人的先天性脑血管疾病,是指脑血管发育障碍引起脑局部血管数量和结构异常,并对正常脑血流产生影响。[1]分为脑动静脉畸形、海绵状血管瘤、毛血管扩张、静脉畸形,主要表现有头痛、癫痫和脑出血。本病发生率十万分之二,这种疾病主要危险是畸形血管破裂发生脑出血,其后果轻者致残,重者死亡。法医学鉴定中偶尔会碰到脑血管畸形患者受伤后突发出血猝死的案件,伤病关系常引起争议。作者在检案工作中遇2例,现予以报道。     

脑血管畸形破裂出血猝死4例

脑血管畸形破裂出血猝死４例李功亮（新疆生产建设兵团农六师公安处；新疆五家渠８３１３００）近几年，在法医检案中，遇到四例有轻微头面部外伤而认为是暴力致死的案件要求作法医学鉴定。剖验结果未见头皮下出血、颅骨骨折或脑组织挫裂伤，而表现为硬膜下腔、蛛网膜下腔...     

心脏性猝死的法医学研究进展

猝死是一类特殊的疾病死亡形式,严重威胁着社区人群的生命安全。心脏性猝死(sudden cardiac death,SCD)是最常见的猝死类型,一直以来是法医病理学鉴定和研究的重要内容之一。本文从流行病学、形态学、分子病理学、虚拟解剖学等角度综述了SCD的法医学研究进展,以期为此类猝死的形态学鉴定、死亡原因诊断及其综合防治提供借鉴。     

127例蛛网膜下腔出血案例的法医学研究

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)对保险公司的直接请求权，从而缓解了患者在请求赔偿方面的特点及法医学鉴定要点。方法通过对华西医科大学法医鉴定中心1983—2001年尸检检出的127例各种原因所致的SAH案例进行回顾性分析。结果各类SAH案例，男性明显多于女性，男女性别比为3：1，高峰年龄为21～40岁。按SAH常见特征可分为外伤性、脑血管畸形、动脉瘤、脑血管粥样硬化、中毒、伴发于心脏疾患、其他等八类。其中，外伤性与脑血管畸形最为多见。外伤性SAH与脑血管畸形出血可见于任何年龄，多见于11～50岁，脑血管粥样硬化出血仅见于50岁以上者，动脉瘤破裂出血者并不多见，见于11～50岁。以SAH为死亡原因者，32例，占25％，多见于脑血管畸形与动脉瘤破裂，出血部位多见于脑底及小脑天幕以下。大多数SAH，出血部位多见于大脑表面，较为局限，出血量较少，非死亡的主要原因。结论多数SAH并非导致死亡的主要原因，SAH死亡者，其死亡性质多属自然死亡。     

肺动脉栓塞致死23例法医学分析

目的总结分析肺动脉栓塞致死的一般特点,探讨法医病理学鉴定要点及注意事项。方法对2001~2011年在中山大学法医鉴定中心鉴定的23例肺动脉栓塞案例进行回顾性分析。结果肺动脉栓塞致死以男性多见;发病年龄主要集中在31～70岁之间;主要诱因是严重外伤、长期卧床后运动,以下肢静脉系统血栓形成并脱落致肺动脉栓塞最为常见。结论对肺动脉栓塞致死案例法医病理学鉴定要点进行了总结。     

再次法医解剖及组织病理学检查的案例分析

剖析再次法医解剖及组织病理学检查的发生原因、鉴定注意事项及预防措施等 ,妥善地处理该类复杂案件。对 18例再次法医解剖及组织病理学检查的案件进行回顾性研究 ,按首次尸检方式及印象、尸检次数、再次尸检原因及方式、间隔时间及结论等归类、分析。较多见死于医疗纠纷 3例 ( 16 7% )、案件审查过程中 4例 ( 2 2 2 % ) ;首次尸检中 13例 ( 72 2 % )仅进行尸表检查或不完全解剖 ;再次尸检结论与首次尸检结论完全不符者 5例( 2 7 8% )。首次解剖的标准化与规范化及继续教育 ,不断提高法医病理学诊断水平 ,改善法医尸检的工作环境等对预防再次尸检的发生很有必要     

Sudden Death Due to Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Report of Two Cases

Primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is a rare type of stroke defined as bleeding within the ventricles of the brain without any associated parenchymal hemorrhage. Here, we reported two cases of sudden death due to PIVH. One of the patients was found dead under a highway bridge without witnesses, and the other patient was hospitalized with hemorrhage in the ventricular system, as revealed by a head computed tomography scan. In these two patients, autopsy and macroscopic examination only showed hemorrhages in the ventricular system without any traumatic brain injury or other intraparenchymal hemorrhage. The sources of bleeding for both patients were ultimately confirmed as ruptured brain arteriovenous malformations located in the subventricular zone. We reported these cases to broaden our understanding of sudden death associated with PIVH, especially when caused by brain arteriovenous malformation. We also summarized the essential details of the diagnoses and available technical methods for PIVH cases.     

Intracranial arteriovenous malformations presenting as sudden unexpected death: a report of 3 cases and review of the literature

Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are cerebrovascular abnormalities due to maldevelopment of the regional capillary bed, producing lesions with arteriovenous shunting. AVMs may account for as many as 1% of all sudden deaths; however, case reports in the literature are exceedingly rare. We present 3 cases of sudden death due to hemorrhage of AVM and discuss the literature and the differential diagnosis in cases of sudden death due to intracranial hemorrhage.     

Cerebrovascular malformation causing sudden death. Analysis of three cases and review of the literature

Three unusual cases of sudden death resulting from cerebrovascular malformation (CVM) are presented. CVMs are highly variable in location and morphology, and may be difficult to detect. Two of the patients discussed here had CVMs that involved the circle of Willis directly, and produced rapidly fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage at the base of the brain; both of these subjects were in their late 30s. One had a history of epilepsy; the other had been completely asymptomatic prior to the catastrophic event. The third was an asymptomatic 6 year old with a cerebellar CVM, who survived long enough for inconclusive neurosurgical intervention. In all three cases, the diagnosis was not made prior to autopsy; in one case, the circumstances of death were initially misleading. The relevant literature is reviewed and discussed, with emphasis on differential diagnosis, anatomic examination, and background investigation.     

Diagnostic dilemma of sudden deaths due to acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

Sudden death due to acute pancreatitis has been rarely determined. A review of 3305 autopsies performed between 1991 and 2001 at the Council of Forensic Medicine found 12 cases (0.36%) with sudden death due to acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis without symptoms. A history of chronic alcohol ingestion was obtained from family in four cases (33%), and no stones were found in the bile ducts or in the gall bladders. During the autopsies, hemorrhage and edema were localized on the head of the pancreas in three cases and the whole pancreas in nine cases. The most common extrapancreatic pathology was found in the lung including pulmonary edema, alveolar hemorrhage, pleural effusion, and pulmonary congestion. There was no correlation between pulmonary and pancreatic damage. It is suggested that the forensic pathologists who are dealing with sudden unexpected death must not ignore the examination of pancreatic and extrapancreatic regions to avoid missing acute pancreatitis.     

10例单纯型脑干损伤

<正> 拳击头面部造成脑干损伤而突然死亡。国内除有个别案例报导外,尚缺乏病理组织学检查。由于损伤仅限于脑干,肉眼检查无明显出血,易造成漏诊。现将我们尸解的材料,结合文献探讨这种脑干损伤的机理与特点,供法医工作者参考。     

Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome--pathological manifestations and autopsy considerations

An 18-year-old university student with Osler-Weber-Rendu disease collapsed in the bathroom. Attempted resuscitation was unsuccessful. Her past history included recurrent epistaxes, mucosal telangiectasias, intracranial arteriovenous malformations with previous hemorrhage, a single pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, recent onset of grand mal seizures, and depression. There was a positive paternal family history. At autopsy the pulmonary arteriovenous malformation was confirmed. In addition, within the brain there were widespread areas of gliosis with hemosiderin deposition and small vascular malformations. No other significant abnormalities were detected and toxicological screening revealed only moderately elevated levels of carbemazepine. Death was attributed to epilepsy associated with glial scarring from previous microhemorrhages. The detection of vascular malformations in the lung or brain at autopsy should prompt careful examination of all tissues for similar lesions. Given the possibility of Osler-Weber-Rendu disease in such cases, fibroblast cultures should be undertaken to enable molecular studies to proceed. The heritable nature of this disorder necessitates accuracy of diagnosis at autopsy; once the diagnosis is confirmed family screening should be recommended.     

Cardiovascular malformations and sudden death in infancy

BACKGROUND: We survey the postmortem findings of cardiovascular malformations in infants under the age of 1 year who died suddenly and unexpectedly, in a way that mimicked sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and evaluate the importance of the malformation for the fatal outcome. METHODS: Four hundred fifty-seven infants under the age of 1 year, who died between 1982 and 2001, were investigated at the Department of Forensic Medicine in Stockholm, Sweden. RESULTS: Cardiovascular malformations were found in 18 infants (3.9%). Only 6 of 18 malformations, mostly severe, were clinically diagnosed before death. In the other 12 infants, cardiovascular malformations were found, such as atrial or ventricular septal defects, coarctation of aorta, stenosis of the aortic or pulmonary artery orifice, and aneurysm of the membranous portion of the interventricular septum. In all instances, the heart weight was increased. CONCLUSIONS: The observation of undiagnosed cardiovascular malformations as the only explanation for the cause of sudden and unexpected death in apparently healthy infants may advocate more examinations of the infant during early life. It is also important to enlarge the debate of the cause of death in infants with cardiovascular malformations. Should they be included in borderline SIDS?     

原发性蛛网膜下腔出血的讨论——附7例尸检报告

本文报告7例法医病理解剖材料,其中脑血管动静脉畸形引起的5例,动脉瘤与巨细胞性动脉炎引起的各1例。因死亡都是发生在头部外伤之后,故引起申诉。肉眼检查时,7例中有6例未查明病因,诊断系依靠病理组织学检查。本文结合文献复习,重点讨论了检验鉴定的方法和注意事项。文中4个重新鉴定的案例,原结论均未发现本病的病因,甚至有的误认是损伤性蛛网膜下腔出血,此点应引以为戒。     

肺动脉栓塞猝死的法医病理学检验

对５０例肺动脉栓塞猝死案例分析,结果显示：引起肺动脉栓塞猝死的主要原因为创伤（４２％）,心脏疾病（３２％）,外科手术（２０％）等。血栓栓子多来源于下肢静脉（８０％）;其次为心腔内附壁血栓（２０％）。发生猝死高峰季节为１０～１２月;低峰季节为４～６月。猝死场所多见于医院内。最后提出了该病的法医学鉴定注意事项