人毛发中吗啡类毒品的色谱检测方法文献分析

吗啡类毒品是我国滥用人数较多,也是危害性较大的毒品品种。与传统的人体体液检材(血液、尿液、唾液等)相比,毛发检材以其易获得性、易保存、易重复取样、长时间的检测窗口等优势逐渐应用于司法鉴定、毒驾检测、临床毒物分析等领域。本文整理归纳了近十年来(2007年~2017年)发表的测定人毛发中吗啡类毒品滥用物质相关文献,并从毛发样品的前处理方法、毛发样品的色谱检测方法、受试者毛发样本检测、毛发检测结果与毒品滥用关系判断等方面进行综述分析,为相关领域研究提供参考。     

唾液中滥用物质分析的研究进展

唾液作为非侵入性生物样品具有取材方便无创、感染机会少、适宜大规模人群采样等优势,是近年来法医毒物分析、临床药物监测、鉴定科学等领域的重要研究对象。国际上唾液样品已广泛应用于毒品滥用检测和监管等,与血、尿相比,唾液基底较为洁净,能降低基质效应产生的干扰,但是唾液采集也存在样少量微等困难,需要高效的前处理方法以及准确灵敏的分析技术。以唾液分析的方法学角度,对近十年来唾液中滥用物质的前处理手段和分析技术进行综述,同时对唾液检材的局限性及国内外唾液分析所面临的难点、热点予以讨论。     

案讯点击

筛查"毒驾"迫在眉睫2012年6月26日,国务委员、公安部部长孟建柱建议,针对吸毒驾驶日趋严重的问题,增设"毒驾罪"。中科院生物物理研究所下属北京中生朗捷生物技术有限公司总经理陈桂勇认为,这对"毒驾"唾液筛查技术和产品推广是一个极大的政策利好消息。作为毒品唾液检测试剂卡项目组负责人,陈桂勇多年来参与调查了大量机动车驾驶员涉毒的案件,并多方呼吁重视"毒驾"问题。该公司研究的毒品唾液检测试剂卡项目产品,能快速、灵敏地检测出人唾液中的毒品及其代谢产物,判断其是否     

环境污水毒品检测技术在禁毒情报中的应用

本文以环境污水毒品检测技术为基础,结合相关法学和统计学理论,为毒品检测技术在禁毒情报的获取中提供了新的应用方式。本文首先介绍了环境污水分析技术的起源以及污水流行病学的研究方法,并对包括样品提取与保存、固相萃取、液相色谱串联质谱法分析在内的污水样品中毒品检测技术手段进行了详细的介绍;进而,对以禁毒情报工作的需求为着力点,通过动态广泛的污水中毒品检测,以大数据的方式获得关于不同种类毒品的时间空间分布情况的方法进行说明论述,充分展现了环境污水检测技术的应用潜力及前景;最后,对此项工作目前在理论和实践中存在的问题与不足进行了简要的汇总和分析。     

案讯点击

中国禁毒基金会获赠"毒品唾液检测试剂"为关注禁毒工作,响应公安部严查"酒驾"、"毒驾"的号召,支持各省交通管理部门严查"毒驾"的执法行动,中国科学院生物物理研究所携其所属企业——中生朗捷生物技术有限公司,向中国禁毒基金会捐赠了一批价值300余万元的"毒品唾液检测试剂"。     

唾液中滥用药物分析及其与血液中药物浓度的相关性

唾液是一种成分简单、易于采集的体液,某些药物在唾液中的浓度可以反映其血药浓度。本文分析了滥用药物进入唾液的机制和影响因素,综述了唾液中滥用药物分析时样品的采集、前处理和检测方法以及唾液与血液中药物浓度的相关性。认为唾液是临床和法医学方面很有价值的分析样品,用唾液中滥用药物浓度来推测血药浓度具有一定的法医学意义。     

定量检测毒品的蛋白芯片的研发

目的利用蛋白芯片技术建立一种快速、高通量的毒品定量检测方法。方法采用硝酸纤维膜作为蛋白芯片的基片,将多种毒品和蛋白偶联物抗原包被在芯片基片上后封闭,不同毒品的单克隆抗体与之结合,再用荧光染料Cy5标记的二抗孵育,样本中如果含有毒品成分,将会与包被的毒品偶联物竞争性地与毒品的抗体相结合,导致最终的荧光信号发生改变,荧光信号的变化与样品中的毒品的浓度相关。通过荧光芯片检测仪CCD可以进行定量分析,最终判断样本中毒品的含量。结果对506例样本进行定性定量检测,与GC-MS仪器比较后总相关性在88%以上,芯片的检测灵敏度比胶体金方法提高10倍,其检测的特异性达到99%。结论蛋白芯片是一种有效、准确的高通量检测毒品含量的方法。     

应用高通量测序DNA甲基化差异体液识别研究

目的通过检测和分析DNA甲基化差异的方法识别三种法庭科学犯罪现场常见体液(唾液斑、精液斑、血液斑)细胞来源。方法利用亚硫酸氢盐法对唾液斑、精液斑、血液斑的DNA样品进行甲基化处理,对由文献[1]和实验过程中筛选得到的甲基化位点进行illumina高通量测序,检测三种体液斑中细胞DNA的甲基化程度,并通过BP神经网络分析每一个位点的甲基化程度与细胞来源的关系及全部检测位点的甲基化程度联合与细胞来源的关系。结果运用BP神经网络对35份样品的73个位点的甲基化程度进行训练和预测,可以将唾液、精液、血液三种来源的DNA样本分开,其准确率达到77.3%。其中精细胞在L81528位点中表现为高甲基化,唾液和血液表现为低甲基化,可将精细胞准确鉴别出来。结论本研究建立的高通量测序分析DNA甲基化差异的方法可通过增加检测位点和样品数量进一步提高识别体液细胞来源的准确率。     

浅析我国毒品犯罪的相关法律问题——从“带毒”的娱乐圈入手

近年来,娱乐圈毒品犯罪屡见不鲜,毒品犯罪相关问题不断出现在公众眼前。随着大量毒品流入国内,毒品数量居高不下,涉毒人数普遍增多,新型毒品犯罪案件不断出现,毒品犯罪率逐年增长,我国面临的毒品犯罪形势越来越严峻。分析毒品犯罪现实问题,研究毒品犯罪相关法律规定,提出毒品犯罪防治对策,有助于打击我国毒品犯罪,帮助人们远离毒品诱惑,建立安全无害的和谐社会。     

毒品样品的稳定性研究

对毒品进行同一认定是禁毒工作的一个重要方面。关于毒品稳定性的研究,文献报道尚少,仅见毒品水溶液或在有机溶剂中的稳定性研究。本文研究了目前社会上最常见的海洛因、甲基苯丙胺及氯胺酮样品在固体状态下的稳定性,包括室温和冰箱两种存放条件,结果发现上述毒品的固体样品在室温和冰箱中存放1年其含量无明显变化。     

The modern trends in alcohol, drugs and driving research

Research on alcohol, drugs and driving can be broadly separated into experimental and epidemiological studies. Every approach has its inherent advantages and disadvantages. Experimental studies can result in an interpretation by single cause, but can only identify potential risks, and the results can sometimes be of limited value because of the use of non-realistic doses or because of the drug use history or inter-individual differences of the volunteers. Recent studies have used higher, more realistic doses and paid more attention to the combination of alcohol and drugs and have shown that the chronic use of illicit drugs can be associated with some cognitive and/or psychomotor impairment, and can lead to a decrease in driving performance even when the subject is no longer intoxicated.Epidemiological studies include roadside surveys, studies in a subset of drivers, accident risk studies, responsibility analyses, surveys and pharmaco-epidemiological studies. Between studies, results may be incomparable due to testing different populations, different kinds of samples, etc. More large-scale roadside studies are conducted now.Advances in analytical toxicology have also contributed to a better understanding of the risks associated with driving under the influence. While older studies measured the inactive metabolite THC-COOH and did not show an increased risk in cannabis-positive drivers, more recent studies measured the active THC in blood and did show a concentration dependent increase in crash risk. The use of LC–MS/MS has allowed more broad-range screening as this technique can measure many different drugs in a small sample volume. While some older studies used saliva but had many analytical problems (including an insufficient sample volume in up to a third of the cases), newer methods of saliva sampling and analysis give better results. The use of saliva for roadside surveys allows non-invasive sampling, but the lack of correlation with the concentrations in blood makes interpretation of results difficult.The results of both epidemiological and experimental studies should be combined to obtain a good estimate of the impact of certain drugs on driving performance and accident risk. In 2006–07 a committee of international experts drafted guidelines for future research into drugs and driving. These have been taken on board by the DRUID project, a large-scale EU funded project on driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines.     

Patterns in drug use in the United Kingdom as revealed through analysis of hair in a large population sample

This paper presents an overview of the most common sectioning patterns utilised in the analysis of hair for drug use; report on the major user groups (sectors) that currently make use of hair analysis in the United Kingdom (UK); present the results for the different drug groups analysed in samples of hair samples analysed at TrichoTech between 2001 and 2005.A total of 186,084 tests on 34,626 hair samples were performed for the commonly requested drug groups. There were 145,799 enzyme-linked Immunosorbent positive screening tests (ELISA), which were subsequently confirmed by gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry detection (GC–MS). The two major sectors were the Medico-Legal sector (65%) and Workplace (20%). Police (Forensics), Clinical Monitoring, Schools, Research and Insurance accounted together for the remaining 15% of the samples. Combinations of several sections patterns were requested covering periods from the most recent month up to 24 months. The most common sectioning pattern was one single section measuring 3 cm, to cover the most recent 3 months (44%), which in some cases was complemented by a further 3 cm to cover together 6 months (13%). The second most common sectioning pattern was the analysis of three sections of 1 cm each to cover the most recent 3 months (28%), when a more detailed evaluation of drug use pattern was relevant. Samples collected from other areas of the body such as axilla, pubic, chest, beard and leg, constituted 6% of the samples. The analysis of monthly sections plays an important role in the evaluation and interpretation of drug use, particularly in certain Medico-Legal cases. The sectors with the highest rates of positive results were Police (Forensics) (78%), Medico-Legal (62%) and Clinical (54%). The common drugs in each group were cannabinol (27%), cocaine (25%), morphine (17%), amphetamine (13%) and diazepam (15%). The positive rate for the Workplace sector was 10%. The most common drugs detected in the Workplace samples in each group were: THC (4%), codeine (2%), cocaine (2%), MDMA (0.5%) and diazepam (0.1%). The concentration levels of drugs found in samples from the workplace were lower than in the other sectors (95% of cases). The exceptions were for dihydrocodeine and MDMA, where levels were 170 and 143% higher, respectively. However, the maximum levels detected in the Workplace samples were lower. The Medico-Legal sector is the most prevalent sector using hair analysis in the UK but the rate of Workplace sector use of hair testing is increasing. One in 10 workplace hair tests detected the presence of at least one drug, which is twice the rate of detection using urine, which is a 1 in 20 urine sample. This means that the chances of identifying people on drugs in the workplace by testing hair samples are twice as likely than urine samples.     

Oral fluid testing for driving under the influence of drugs: history, recent progress and remaining challenges

In recent years the demand for drug testing in oral fluid in cases of driving under the influence has been increasing. The main advantages of saliva/oral fluid are the possibility for non-medical personnel to collect it without embarrassment and a better correlation between presence of drugs in oral fluid and impairment. Several surveys have been performed since the 1980s using saliva, and researchers encountered problems related to insufficient sample volume and insufficient sensitivity of the analytical methods. Steady progress has been shown in sample collection, knowledge of toxicokinetics in oral fluid, reliability of on-site and laboratory-based immunoassays and confirmation methods. In a few countries, legislation was passed that allows the use of saliva as a matrix for screening or confirmation.Despite this progress, some more work needs to be done, principally in the areas of the sensitivity and reliability of on-site screening devices, particularly for cannabis and benzodiazepines, knowledge about passive contamination and more generalised proficiency testing before oral fluid testing for DUID will have the reliability needed to be used forensically.     

Determination of ABO blood grouping from human oral squamous epithelium by the highly sensitive immunohistochemical staining method EnVision+

Using the highly sensitive immunohistochemical staining method EnVision+, which employs a dextran polymer reagent for the secondary antibody, the detection of the ABH antigens was attempted in the oral squamous epithelium. This new technique uses monoclonal antibody as a primary antibody and it takes about three hours for staining. The time is much shorter than conventional absorption-elution testing or absorption-inhibition testing for the determination of ABO blood grouping. Secretor saliva samples were stained at strong intensity by the antibody, which corresponded to its blood group and anti-H. On the one hand, nonsecretor saliva samples were stained at strong intensity only by the antibody that corresponded to its blood group, and at weak intensity only by anti-H. Since human oral squamous epithelium antigens were stained specifically by this method, we can examine the ABO blood group of saliva samples and perform cytodiagnosis at the same time. Our research suggested that the EnVision+ Method is a useful technique for ABO blood grouping of saliva in forensic cases.     

Oral fluid testing for cannabis: on-site OraLine IV s.a.t. device versus GC/MS

Saliva or "oral fluid" has been presented as an alternative matrix to document drug use. The non-invasive collection of a saliva sample, which is relatively easy to perform and can be achieved under close supervision, is one of the most important benefits in a driving under the influence situation. Moreover, the presence of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid is a better indication of recent use than when 11-nor-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) is detected in urine, so there is a higher probability that the subject is experiencing pharmacological effects at the time of sampling. In the first part of the study, 27 drug addicts were tested for the presence of THC using the OraLine IV s.a.t. device to establish the potential of this new on-site DOA detection technique. In parallel, oral fluid was collected with the Intercept DOA Oral Specimen Collection device and tested for THC by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after methylation for THC (limit of quantification: 1 ng/mL). The OraLine device correctly identified nine saliva specimens positive for cannabis with THC concentrations ranging from 3 to 265 ng/mL, but remained negative in four other samples where low THC concentrations were detected by GC/MS (1-13 ng/mL). One false positive was noted. Secondly, two male subjects were screened in saliva using the OraLine and Intercept devices after consumption of a single cannabis cigarette containing 25mg of THC. Saliva was first tested with the OraLine device and then collected with the Intercept device for GC/MS confirmation. In one subject, the OraLine on-site test was positive for THC for 2 h following drug intake with THC concentrations decreasing from 196 to 16 ng/mL, while the test remained positive for 1.5 h for the second subject (THC concentrations ranging from 199 to 11 ng/mL). These preliminary results obtained with the OraLine IV s.a.t. device indicate more encouraging data for the detection of THC using on-site tests than previous evaluations.     

Radioimmunoassay detection limits for 19-OH F1 alpha/F2 alpha prostaglandin in normal, infertile and vasectomized semen stains. Analysis of saliva, sweat and urine for possible non-specific or matrix effects

The sensitivity of a simple radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of 19-OH prostaglandin F1 alpha/F2 alpha (PG F) has been evaluated on a number of semen samples from vasectomized, infertile and fertile donors. The specificity of the test has been examined by testing saliva, sweat and urine from a number of male and female donors. The assay technique could readily detect the PG in semen stains prepared from 0.2 microliter of semen from normal, infertile and vasectomized donors. The detection limit of the assay system, based on the observed displacement, was calculated to be approximately 0.05 microliter semen. The assay could be conducted over a pH range of 7.5-10.5 even after the PG has been heated to 100 degrees C. The 19-OH series of PG were absent from sweat, saliva and female urine using the normal assay protocol; volumes in excess of 100 microliters of some urines particularly from women in labour and those with acute urinary tract infection showed some displacement. Low levels of PG were detected in 50% of the male urine analysed. However, urine samples from men who had engaged in recent sexual activity contained relatively high concentrations of PG which could be readily detected in 10 microliters of urine. These results emphasise the potential of these compounds as specific and sensitive markers for the presence of human semen.     

大麻遗传标记的法医学应用研究进展

大麻是大麻科大麻属一年生雌雄异株的草本植物,其内含有具有强烈成瘾性和麻醉性的四氢大麻酚(THC).大麻价格低廉、获取方便、且受到一些国家和地区合法化的影响,目前已成为滥用最广泛的毒品之一.因此,大麻植株的鉴定对于打击毒品犯罪、维护社会稳定具有重要意义.近年来,基于DNA遗传标记的大麻鉴定为案件侦破提供了新的技术手段,针...     

Drug use and pretrial misconduct in New York city

Is recent drug use significantly associated with pretrial misconduct? Does consideration of recent drug use enhance risk classification among a sample of persons who have time free pending the disposition of their cases? Using data on arrestees in Manhattan, this paper examines these issues and some related questions. To measure recent drug use, urine samples were collected from persons shortly after their arrest and tested for four drugs: heroin, cocaine, PCP, and methadone. Two measures of pretrial misconduct are considered: whether a defendant fails to appear for a scheduled court date (FTA) and whether a defendant is rearrested prior to case disposition. Censored probit models are used to estimate the statistical association between drug test results and pretrial misconduct. Results show that drug test results are significantly associated with pretrial misconduct over and above the information typically available to judges at the time release decisions are made. Some implications of these findings for pretrial decision making are discussed.     

应用斑点酶标法检测吸毒者尿液中常见毒品

目的建立吸毒者尿液中常见毒品的斑点酶标法检测分析方法。方法生物检材为尿液,采用免疫学酶标法理论和斑点酶标法的高通量技术,应用于人体尿液中常见毒品的检测。结果同时分析多人尿液中是否含有苯丙胺、巴比妥、天使尘、美沙酮及吗啡。尿液中的最低检测量达ng级。结论本方法可用于吸毒者尿液中常见毒品的检测分析。