延期审理滥用形态之检视与厘正

延期审理制度是与迅速审判原则相冲突的一项制度。由于审批简单、适用随意、次数规定不明确,当前刑事诉讼中的延期审理出现了诸多滥用形态。应适当延长审限,相应缩短延期审理的时间和次数,注意恢复审理后的庭审更新,规范延期审理的适用,以实现该制度发现真实、程序解压的价值。     

谈延期审理

人民法院在宙判案件过程中,遇有影响审理进行的情况,暂时停止审理而改期审理的作法叫延期审理。其目的是通过延期审理解决审理中出现的阻碍审判继续进行的因素,以保证法律的正确实施。 根据我国刑事诉讼法第一百二十三条的规定,在审判过程中,遇到下列情况的可以延期审理: 一、需要通知新的证人到庭,调取新的物证,重新鉴定或者勘验的; 二、检察人员发现提起公诉的案件需要补充侦查,提出建议的;     

检察机关提出延期审理的适用及其完善

一、检察机关提出延期审理中的问题与法律和司法解释的相关规定某法院决定今年3月26日开庭审理一起刑事案件,3月23日,将开庭日期公告并通知相关当事人、辩护人等。3月25日,同级检察院突然以变更起诉为由向法院提出延期审理建议,法院于是作出了延期审理的决定。因此案在法院的审判期限已近届满,无法作出推迟审理的决定,只好办理延期审理手续,以防止超期羁押的发生。对此,律师认为根据刑事诉讼法的规定,检察院在开庭审理前无权提出延期审理建议,法院作出延期审理的决定也于法无据,该案的延期审理是检察院、法院滥用职权,对被告人超期羁押的违…     

从民商事案件个案审理周期与月结案率看基层法院的司法效率

司法效率是现代诉讼法律目标体系的构成要素。全面提升司法效率的突破口在于缩短个案审理周期,提高审限内月结案率。和刑事、行政案件相比,民商事案件的法定审理期限较长,审判实践中申请延长审理期限的情况也较多(以福建省漳州市中级法院为例,一般占延期案件总数的三分之二以上),加之近年来,人民法院民商事案件收案量一直呈上升趋势,民商事案件的审判效率高低已成为制约人民法院审判效率的瓶颈。本文从微观、实然的     

当庭变更辩护人的案件应延期审理

刑诉法第三十九条规定：“在审判过程中，被告人可以拒绝辩护人继续为他辩护，也可以另行委托辩护人辩护。”从司法实践的实际情况来看，一旦被告人行使法律赋予的这一权利，拒绝辩护人为他继续辩护，法庭应当准许，不能以任何理由剥夺被告人的这一权利。这样就会导致法庭审判无法继续进行下去，其结果是法庭不得不延期审理。但刑诉法规定的三类可以延期审理的情况，不包括被告人拒绝辩护人继续为他辩护，要求另行委托辩护人，使法庭审判无法继续进行下去的情况。遇有这种情况怎么办呢？笔者认为可以采取两种办法来解决：一是采取司法解释的…     

人民法院审理缺席判决案件应克服三种倾向

一些审判人员在审理缺席判决案件时存在三种明显的错误倾向：１、不查明被告缺席原因。民诉法第１３２条规定，必须到庭的当事人和其他诉讼参与人有正当理由没有到庭的，应当延期开庭审理。而一些审判人员为求简便、快捷，对此类案件不实地调查，不分是否有正当理由就缺席判决。２、审判人员独任审理。民诉法第１４２条规定，只有事实清楚、权利义务关系明确、争议不大的案件可以适用简易程序。而缺席判决的案件由于当事人一方缺席使审判人员无法知道当事人双方是否对争议的事实陈述基本一致，是否对案件的是非、责任以及诉讼标的争执无原则…     

疫情期间刑事案件“视频庭审”的正当性

出于疫情防控需求,尽量避免人群聚集,避免交叉感染显然是全社会参与疫情防控的必然要求,司法工作也不例外。然而,司法工作的重要性也不言而喻,不能因疫情防控要求而拒绝审理,也不宜不分类型一律延期审理、中止审理。事实上,延期审理或中止审理的主张不仅不能及时有效打击犯罪,强化刑法的一般预防功能,反而会人为制造长期羁押、超期羁押困境,甚至导致轻罪被告人审前羁押的刑期超过其应当判处的刑期的风险,显然不足为取。在应然角度,充分利用现代信息化技术手段,规范运用互联网庭审系统开展诉讼活动,是当前疫情防控期间的理性选择。在价值取向上,主张刑事案件通过视频庭审审判方式推进,不仅符合比例原则的法理考量,而且也是智慧司法、司法便民举措的实践体现,与司法亲历性的内在要求也不矛盾。     

经济民事案件应规定审理期限

目前由于法律尚未规定经济、民事案件审理期限,致使这类案件从立案到结案在时间上无限制拖延的情况十分严重。一是立案后迟迟不予开庭。有的拖延一年,甚至几年。二是案件在审理中审判人员随意决定延期审理,下次开庭遥遥无期。有的案件当事人左等右盼,总算盼到了开庭。岂料在庭审进行中审判人员借故宣布休庭,下次开庭时间另行通知,无期限的再次拖延开庭。三是案件庭审结束,定期宣判的,长时间不送达判决书。四是当事人上诉的案件,迟迟得不到二审结果。至于申诉案件的投诉则更是石沉大海、沓无音讯。发回重审的案件也因没有规定审理期限,迟迟不予开庭。     

案件聚焦

美国西南航空Wi-Fi一案陷入胶着状态去年年底,美国Advanced Media网络公司将美国西南航空公司告上法庭,称其侵犯自己的Wi-Fi专利技术,此案一直处于悬而未决的状态。日前,负责审理此案的美国加利福尼亚州联邦法院法官Gary Allen Feess宣布此案将于近期开庭,此案之所以延期审理,皆因法院在等待USPTO对涉案专利复审结果,Feess认为在复审结果没有公布之前做出判决可能会导致审判结果的不确定性。     

从先判后审看无罪推定的可取性

《刑法》与《刑事诉讼法》颁布实施以来,各地人民法院无不把公开审判作为提高办案质量的重心,公诉人认真地把好证据关,作好答辩准备;辩护人根据事实和法律提出有利于被告人的材料和意见,依法维护被告人的合法权益;审判合议庭则认真听取控诉与辩护两方面的意见,遇到被告人及其辩护人申请新的证人到庭作证或者申请对证据重新鉴定、勘验时,只要申请有理即予以采纳,该延期审理的就延期审理。把定罪量刑的裁判结论放在法庭公开审判之后,通过控诉与辩护两方的质证和辩论,把案     

和谐社会呼唤建立暂缓起诉制度

在建立和谐社会背景下,检察机关对某些没有必要移送审判的案件暂缓提起公诉,体现了刑法的宽容精神。应从公诉权的本质、刑事政策要求等方面,对构建我国本土化的暂缓起诉制度进行分析。暂缓起诉制度只应适用于未成年人案件,还应征得被害人同意。规范程序、加强监督等也十分重要。     

Deferred Prosecution Agreements and the Presumption of Innocence

A deferred prosecution agreement, or DPA, allows a corporation, instead of proceeding to trial on a criminal charge, to settle matters with the state by acknowledging the facts on which any charge would be based, pay a reduced fine, and agree to change the way they conduct business. Critics of DPAs have suggested that, because the defendant corporation must pay a fine and submit to structural reform without having been found guilty at trial, DPAs violate the Presumption of Innocence. This paper argues that they do not. The paper appeals to the role of civic trust in a liberal political community. The obligations a corporation assumes in a DPA can be framed as a reasonable retributive response to a breach by that corporation of the community’s laws, and an appropriate reassurance by that corporation to the community that such breaches will not reoccur. This framing is sufficient to deny that DPAs violate the Presumption of Innocence.     

暂缓起诉制度在中国的展开——以能动检察为背景的分析

检察机关能动地运用检察权,可以适应社会情势的不断变化,更好地解决刑事纠纷,实现实质的公平正义。暂缓起诉制度作为能动检察的一种表现形式,在基本目的和自由裁量权方面,和能动检察有着相当的耦合。目的刑论和起诉便宜主义是暂缓起诉制度的正当基础。总结司法实践,可以从适用条件和附加条件两方面对中国的暂缓起诉制度加以构建。为了防范权力滥用,有必要从决定程序和救济程序的角度对暂缓起诉制度加以制约。     

Delinquency and Justice

Abstract

In an attempt to demonstrate the value of case study research on delinquency in American Indian communities, Tribal Court juvenile records from one western American Indian community, 1991 through 1998, were analyzed and interviews conducted with community members. Most arrests of juveniles were for alcohol possession and consumption, conduct offenses and status offenses. The most severe offense was simple assault. Youths were more likely to be detained for underage consumption than youths off reservation. Few bookings (26%) resulted in court hearings and all cases resulted in dismissal, deferred adjudication, or deferred sentencing. Girls had higher rates of arrest and detention than males. Interviews identified alcohol consumption and erosion of the extended family as correlates of delinquency.     

不安抗辩权的效力与适用范围

我国《合同法》第 6 8条规定关于不安抗辩权的立法迫使陷于不安的合同当事人不得不先进行履行准备 ,由此将来可能因此造成很大损失 ,对于自己乃至于对方都有重大不利。应当允许双务合同的任何一方当事人在有理由陷于不安的情形下 ,不仅可以中止债务的履行 ,而且可以中止履行准备 ,由此导致迟延履行的 ,不负迟延责任。     

财产性利益是诈骗罪的对象

主张财产性利益是诈骗罪的对象,具有合目的性与具体的妥当性,并不违反罪刑法定原则(不属于类推解释);但是,只有当某种利益内容属于财产权,具有管理可能性与转移可能性,客观上具有经济价值,被害人丧失该利益必然同时导致财产损害时,该利益才能成为诈骗罪对象的财产性利益;至于债权凭证、财物的返还请求权、货款请求权、财物的交付"请求权"、债务的延缓履行是否刑法上的财产性利益,则需要具体分析。     

审判管理与审判规律抉微

审判规律是审判活动各要素之间必然、本质、稳定和反复出现的联系。审判是第一位的,管理是第二位的,二者是主从关系,因此,审判管理必须尊重审判规律,使审判管理各项工作机制和管理的方式方法充分考虑审判工作的特点,符合审判工作实际。     

Constitutional Directives: Morally‐Committed Political Constitutionalism

About 37 state constitutions around the world feature non‐justiciable thick moral commitments (‘constitutional directives’). These directives typically oblige the state to redistribute income and wealth, guarantee social minimums, or forge a religious or secular identity for the state. They have largely been ignored in a constitutional scholarship defined by its obsession with the legitimacy of judicial review and hostility to constitutionalising thick moral commitments other than basic rights. This article presents constitutional directives as obligatory telic norms, addressed primarily to the political state, which constitutionalise thick moral objectives. Their full realisation—through increasingly sophisticated mechanisms designed to ensure their political enforcement—is deferred to a future date. They are weakly contrajudicative in that these duties are not directly enforced by courts. Functionally, they help shape the discourse over a state's constitutional identity, and regulate its political and judicial organs. Properly understood, they are a key tool to realise a morally‐committed conception of political constitutionalism.     

论公民的受审判权及其宪法保护

受审判权是公民接受公正司法的权利。由于受审判权是公民的基本权利 ,多数国家宪法对其进行保护 ,其中美国、日本、俄罗斯宪法的规定最为完善。中国宪法对受审判权保护存在众多缺陷 ,为更好地保护受审判权 ,中国宪法应把受审判权直接规定为公民的基本权利 ,在受审判权的内容方面应与《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的有关规定保持一致 ,并建立宪法诉讼制度     

Predicting juvenile delinquency: A review of correlates and a confirmation by recent research based on an integrated theoretical model

This study is an exploration of the effects of setting cases for trial in a court that permits jury trials for juveniles. Although few cases actually go to trial, cases set for trial have an impact on juveniles and the court. The study reported here is based on data from a study of 710 youths upon whom delinquency petitions were filed in a suburban court in 1980. Of these youths, 94 had cases set for trial and 7 actually went to trial.

The first part of the article gives a brief historical perspective on the juvenile right to jury trial, discusses why defense attorneys set cases to trial, and describes some of the difficulties in measuring the impact of jury trials. The second part reports on the impact of trial setting in “Suburban Court” on case outcomes and case processing time. A partial correlation analysis shows that there is no significant association between setting a case for trial and either adjudication or final disposition, even when other factors are held constant. Setting a case for trial has a significant association with long case processing times, however. Cases set for trial take almost twice as long as other cases to move from filing to adjudication.