雨花台区开展社区矫正审前调查工作的调研

审前调查是社区矫正工作中的一项重要内容，其核心是指法院在刑事案件判决或裁定前，由社区矫正机构对犯罪人的犯罪背景、一贯表现等进行专门调查，并对其社会危险性和再犯罪可能性进行调查评估，提出适用监禁刑或非监禁刑的建议，形成调查与评估报告提交法院，供法院量刑时参考的一种制度。     

试论“中途之家”在推进社区矫正中的作用——以拥强社会建设创新社会管理为背景

一、中国试行社区矫正工作势在必行 犯罪是全球性的问题,预防和打击犯罪,有效地矫正罪犯,是各国政府和社会共同的责任。世界各国都在不断地进行刑罚执行制度的创新,尝试用最有效的方式方法处理犯罪问题,用最有效的方式方法矫正犯罪人。从人类刑罚发展演进的历史来看,刑罚由重趋轻是一个普遍的规律。各国行刑实践中在保留适用监禁刑的同时,越来越倾向于非监禁刑的适用,尤其是自“二战”结束以来,社区矫正制度发展迅速,许多国家,如加拿大、美国、澳大利亚等,适用社区矫正人数大大超过监禁矫正人数。     

韩国社会服务令对我国社区矫正制度的启示

我国借鉴西方经验对监外执行制度改革,在新修订的刑法、刑诉法中分别首次确认了社区矫正刑罚制度及其运行机制。韩国刑罚制度中已将社会服务令引入法制体系十几年,目前已发展为一种综合性惩治犯罪的选择性措施广泛的适用。对韩国社区服务令进行深入研究,对推动我国社区矫正刑罚制度的进一步完善具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

对未成年犯社区矫正有关问题的思考

社区矫正作为一种对未成年犯教育改造的手段,既帮助其实现早日回归社会,同时也节约了司法资源,因此被越来越多地适用在未成年犯罪中.本文试从分析某基层法院参与未成年犯社区矫正的现状与问题入手,思考和探讨改进措施.以期更好地推行未成年犯社区矫正制度.     

试论"中途之家"在推进社区矫正中的作用——以加强社会建设创新社会管理为背景

一、中国试行社区矫正工作势在必行 犯罪是全球性的问题,预防和打击犯罪,有效地矫正罪犯,是各国政府和社会共同的责任.世界各国都在不断地进行刑罚执行制度的创新,尝试用最有效的方式方法处理犯罪问题,用最有效的方式方法矫正犯罪人.从人类刑罚发展演进的历史来看,刑罚由重趋轻是一个普遍的规律.各国行刑实践中在保留适用监禁刑的同时,越来越倾向于非监禁刑的适用,尤其是自"二战"结束以来,社区矫正制度发展迅速,许多国家,如加拿大、美国、澳大利亚等,适用社区矫正人数大大超过监禁矫正人数.     

未成年犯社区矫正分析

社区矫正在预防和控制未成年人犯罪方面具有十分重要的地位和作用,符合未成年犯的心理特征,有利于克服监禁刑的弊端,有利于和发达国家的刑罚模式接轨。我国社会主义的刑事政策、社会主义的法律体系以及日趋完善的社区和健全的司法行政体系资源为未成年犯罪人适用社区矫正提供了现实可能性。针对我国未成年犯社区矫正工作中存在的问题,笔者认为,更新行刑观念、对社区矫正进行科学定位、建立专门的社区矫正机构、配备专业的矫正人员、建立适合未成年人特点的社区矫正项目以及建立未成年犯社区矫正制度的评估体系是对未成年犯社区矫正制度完善的重要举措。     

我国未成年人社区矫正及体系构建思考

未成年人犯罪问题一直以来都是世界各国关注的重点问题之一,而社区矫正作为一种未成年人犯罪后刑罚执行的方式,也正受到越来越多的关注.基于我国未成年人社区矫正并未有独立制度,而是包括于社区矫正之中的现实,笔者从社区矫正概况入手,结合未成年人的特点,借鉴国外未成年人社区矫正经验和我国基层社区矫正实践中关于未成年人的特色做法,提出对构建未成年人社区矫正体系的思考.     

论我国未成年犯社区矫正制度的构建

全国每年新判处的每14—15个罪犯中就有一名是未成年犯,这给社会造成了较大的危害。而我国从2003年开始实施的社区矫正制度并没有将未成年犯作为一个特殊的矫正群体来对待,这样,既不利于对他们的身心保护,也不利于他们的健康发展,更不符合国际公约的有关规定,而西方许多国家已采取了专门适用于未成年犯特点的社区矫正管理制度,并有专门的管理机构和不同于成人的专业化管理人员。因此,本文认为为了预防和减少未成年人犯罪及犯罪后能尽快回归社会,我国有必要针对未成年人犯罪状况及心理、生理特点和法律保护的特殊要求,借鉴国外的有益经验,尽快建立起具有我国特色的未成年犯社区矫正制度。     

论未成年犯罪人社区矫正中的检察监督

作为一种能充分彰显人道合理配置和社会效果的犯罪处遇制度,社区矫正制度正日益被国际社会广泛借鉴。我国于2002年开始社区矫正试点工作,继而2003年7月发布了《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、司法部关于开展社区矫正试点工作的通知》（以下简称《通知》）,从而拉开了我国社区矫正工作。社区矫正对未成年人犯罪人将有利于其以后的发展和重新融入社会,防止其再犯罪。“社区矫正”立足于对犯罪人个人利益的重视,强调个人经过改造后能更好的回归社会,因此,未成年犯罪人是社区矫正工作的重点对象之一。     

社区矫正制度若干问题研究

矫正制度经历了惩罚(无矫正)——狱内矫正——社区矫正的发展历程，社区矫正制度的理论基础是刑事实证学派的矫正刑思想、新社会防卫论、犯罪标签理论和相对报应主义刑罚观。鉴于我国社区矫正制度的立法和司法现状，应以社区矫正的理论基础和刑事诉讼分权理念为根据，对我国现行的社区矫正制度加以完善。     

“腐败暴力”犯罪及其防治

腐败暴力犯罪是私欲恶性膨胀的领导干部，谋官害命的极端腐败犯罪行为。本文剖析了此类犯罪的主客观特点和犯罪根源，提出了要加强思想教育、权力制约、重点惩治、民主政治等方面建设，使其不想犯罪、不能犯罪、不敢犯罪的对策。     

Fear,Social Interactions,and Violence Mitigation

The fear of crime is generally considered as a social ill that undermines dimensions of individual well-being. Prior research generally specifies the fear of crime as an outcome variable in order to understand its complex etiology. More recently, however, researchers have suggested fear has a deterrence function whereby it reduces individuals’ involvement in violent encounters. This notion could hold important clues to understand the social sources of violence. We examine whether the fear of crime inhibits involvement in violent encounters, both as offender or victim, and if adjustments in routine activities explain these effects. The results suggest fear of crime reduces violence involvement, in part, by constraining routine activities. We conclude that the fear of crime appears to be a mechanism of violence mitigation that, paradoxically, bolsters physical well-being. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for criminological theory and research on interpersonal violence.     

Social Disadvantage and Family Violence: Neighborhood Effects on Attitudes about Intimate Partner Violence and Corporal Punishment

Social disorganization theory asserts that neighborhood composition affects levels of violence within the community. The purpose of this article is to analyze the bivariate effects of social disorganization, crime, and collective efficacy, in addition to the individual factors of gender, race, and a history of child maltreatment, on the acceptance of using violence within the family. Data from the Norfolk Police Department (2000–2004), 2000 Census, and 2006 Norfolk Residents’ Attitudes about Crime Survey were used to determine differences in approval of family violence. Results indicated that approval for family violence is an individual-level phenomenon as well as a community-level occurrence. Various aspects of family violence elicit different levels of tolerance by both micro- and macro-level characteristics. Implications are discussed.     

暴力犯罪的内涵与外延

本文认为我国理论上对于暴力犯罪的界定存在值得商榷之处 ,对暴力犯罪的界定 ,重要的并不在于刑法分则条文本身是否明文规定以暴力为犯罪构成要件 ,而在于行为人在实施犯罪时所采取的是否为暴力行为。并根据我国刑法的规定对“暴力犯罪”的范围以及“暴力”的内涵予以分析 ,在此基础上进一步论述了几种法律明文规定的暴力行为。     

Older African American Women and Barriers to Reporting Domestic Violence to Law Enforcement in the Rural Deep South

Victims of domestic violence are legally entitled to police protection, but multiple barriers exist in contacting law enforcement. In this study, we used Federal Bureau of Investigation data, key informant interviews, and focus groups to examine barriers to reporting domestic violence among older African American women in the rural Deep South. Three primary barriers were identified: gender roles, age dependency, and mistrust of law enforcement. The main finding was that reports of domestic violence were deterred by fears of being stigmatized by church, family, and community. The one compelling and feasible resolution is for law enforcement to take a leadership role in educating clergy and other community leaders about domestic violence as a crime against older women.     

Factors Mediating the Link Between Witnessing Interparental Violence and Dating Violence

The present study examined several protective and vulnerability factors in a subsample of adolescents who witnessed high levels of interparental violence to determine what factors differentiated adolescents who inflicted (and received) violence in their dating relationship and those who had violence-free dating relationships. Findings revealed that males who witnessed high levels of interparental violence, who inflicted violence in their dating relationships, were differentiated from those who had violence-free relationships by the following variables: low socioeconomic status, exposure to community and school violence, acceptance of violence in dating relationships, and low self-esteem. Low socioeconomic status and acceptance of violence in dating relationships differentiated males who experienced dating violence and those who had not. With regard to females, exposure to community and school violence, poor school performance, and experiencing child abuse differentiated those who inflicted dating violence from those who had not, while poor school performance and experiencing child abuse differentiated females who experienced dating violence and those who had not. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

From the Inside Out: Efforts by Homeless Women to Disrupt Cycles of Crime and Violence

The premise that childhood victimization is a risk factor for crime and violence in adulthood finds general support, though few agree that there is a direct causal relationship. Mediating factors and intervening variables are often studied. Rarely investigated, however, are the complex and difficult dynamics experienced by those enmeshed in these “cycles of violence.” In this study we explore the struggles of homeless women to disrupt patterns of violence in their lives. Using in-depth qualitative interviews, we illustrate how these women learn and understand that they are caught up in cycles of crime and violence and, to varying degrees, have made active efforts to disrupt them. However, we find that they have very few tools or resources with which this could be accomplished, which ultimately thwarts potentially successful efforts for lasting change while foregrounding deficiencies in systemic support.     

If Violence Is Domestic, Does It Really Count?

Estimates of the prevalence of marital violence have been found to vary dramatically from survey to survey. This paper addresses one potential explanation for this difference which involves the focus and format of different surveys. We examine the extent to which survey respondents are willing to report marital violence in a context which focuses on criminal behaviors as opposed to a family violence context. In a very basic way, this answers a question as to whether individuals are willing to define acts of marital violence as criminal. Methodologically, it is a measurement issue which seriously affects the ability to compare findings across samples. National Youth Survey data are used to compare rates of generalized spousal assault and victimization reported in a crime context with rates of marital assault and victimization reported in a family violence context. Results indicate that 40 to 83% of all marital assaults and victimizations reported in the marital violence section are not reported in a format which focuses on criminal assault and victimization.     

Deadly Words: State Power and the Entanglement of Speech and Violence in Hate Crime

Any analysis of hate crime that attempts to separate speech from action, language from violence, faces epistemological difficulties that limit the range of conversations about laws responding to identity-based injury in the United States. Active debates have raged over the implications of bias crime sentence enhancement laws for the protection of ‘freespeech’, thus addressing the inextricability of language and meaning from hate crime. Those in favor of legal responses to identity-based injury tend toward essentialist claims which assume the stability of identity and of meanings inherent in words or actions. Those opposed assert the impossibility of codifying the meaning of words or actions in the law, and/or they worry about the reification of (victimized) identities accompanying bias crime statutes. This article argues that the focus on language and speech in these debates simultaneously enables an evasion of discussion about the law's response to bias-related violence, and misleadingly assumes too much stability in the functions of law and the nature of state power. Interviews conducted by the author with individuals involved in a 1992 racist hate crime are used to show the diverse elements of state power suffusing the incident and its aftermath. An analysis of the crime's investigation and prosecution under a Maryland hate crime statute suggests that law enforcement officers are primarily using hate crime laws as public relations tools in a fight against community perceptions that they are themselves bigots. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Violence,bureaucracy and intreccio in Brazil

ABSTRACT

For Brazil’s ‘violence worker’ street-level bureaucrats, violence is woven into everyday practice. But violent influence flows in multiple directions; from the state to society, within the state and its agencies, from violent actors upon state bureaucrats. Real and potential violence defines the bureaucratic regime of truth, alongside the influence of a self-defined organised crime group. Using ethnographic evidence, I show some of the fissures that are wedged open through violence, and demonstrate the ways that violent uncertainty shapes a need for leverage and spheres of trust. This shows the dissonance between bureaucratic form and bureaucratic rationale, where other violence workers – ontological bureaucrats – have become an everyday part of bureaucratic rationale. What matters is not the relationship between the state and bureaucracy, but the relationship between sovereign power and bureaucracy.