鉴定意见可靠性问题研究

鉴定意见可靠性是证据可信性的一个重要维度，与相关性之证据准入门槛相比，可靠性是鉴定意见证据品质高低的主要指征，不可靠的鉴定意见会成为事实认定错误之源。增强鉴定意见的可靠性有三个主要途径：一是加强鉴定过程质量管理，包括重视预评估（合同评审）程序的作用，建立检材来源全程可追溯机制，维护司法鉴定机构和司法鉴定人的“中立性”；二是完善鉴定意见法庭举证、质证程序，包括辨认鉴真证人凭借亲身知识、司法鉴定人运用专门知识对鉴定材料同一性或真实性的证明，律师和专家辅助人对鉴定意见可靠性的质证；三是法官对鉴定意见基础有效性和应用有效性的认证“把关”。在鉴定意见基础有效性审查中，关键是把握一项具体法庭科学技术的“错误率”和“法庭科学技术标准”。同时，还探索了鉴定全过程似然比量化控制的国际理念。     

司法鉴定机构中存在问题及对策——以法院对外委托为视角

诉讼离不开证据，“打官司就是打证据”已经被公众认知。提到证据就离不开鉴定，司法鉴定人被视为“科学的法官”，可见司法鉴定在法院审查证据中的作用。但司法鉴定机构在法院对外委托案件中也暴露出了一些问题．例如鉴定机构私下会见当事人、超范围收案、超期限鉴定、检材遗失等等。对于这些问题存在的原因及其解决对策进行浅显的探讨．希望对推动我国司法鉴定机构的发展有所帮助。     

民事司法鉴定难题思考与分析

最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》（以下简称《证据规定》）是在充分考虑了我国传统鉴定制度利弊、现代民事诉讼对鉴定制度的要求和国外立法经验之后，对鉴定问题作出的规定。全国人大常委会《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》（以下简称《决定》）作为司法鉴定改革成果，解决了司法鉴定统一管理的问题。从审判实务看，     

当前司法鉴定制度改革若干问题研究

司法鉴定制度改革是我国司法改革的实验田。改革的难点与重点在于现代司法鉴定理念的确立和现代司法鉴定体制的建立。本文对司法鉴定的基本属性、外延范围、服务对象、鉴定结论的证据属性与证据效力、现行司法鉴定体制弊端、未来司法鉴定体制改革方向、审判机关设立司法鉴定机构以及当事人诉讼权利保障等问题进行了分析与评价,并提出了我国司法鉴定体制改革应当正确处理的若干问题。     

关于司法鉴定结论作为民事诉讼证据使用的调研

司法鉴定结论一直以来被定位为科学证据,并成为法定证据中重要的组成部分,被广泛运用于民事诉讼活动中。但在司法鉴定结论作为民事证据的使用过程中,存在诸多的弊端。本文以审判实践为视角,从司法鉴定结论的特点入手,分析了当前司法鉴定在民事审判中存在的问题及成因,进而重点提出了解决问题的方案。目的在于畅通司法鉴定结论向民事证据转化的渠道。     

论电子证据的司法鉴定

电子证据的司法鉴定面临技术规范和法律规范均不明确的问题.对于电子证据,需要以科学技术的手段确认其真实性、完整性和合法性;在完善司法鉴定机构管理制度和司法鉴定人管理制度,增强电子证据司法鉴定规范性的同时,修改和完善电子证据司法鉴定的启动程序、质证程序和救济程序.     

司法鉴定启动程序比较研究

司法鉴定制度是国家司法制度的重要组成部分,司法鉴定的启动是司法鉴定程序的开始,是具体司法鉴定行为实施的前提。司法鉴定的启动是否符合法律的规定涉及到司法鉴定的合法性问题,直接影响到作为法定证据的司法鉴定结论的证据能力,法律的规定是否合理则影响到司法公正与效率。     

司法鉴定与当事人诉讼权利保障

作为七种法定证据之一的鉴定结论,本身不仅具有证据功能,而且还有对其他证据予以审查判定的功能,司法鉴定直接关系到当事人出罪入罪或法律上权利的实现和义务的履行等重大问题。近年来,随着我国司法改革的不断深化,司法鉴定制度改革问题已引起全社会、尤其是司法界的广泛关注。去年底,全国人大常委会有关部门起草了《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》,《决定》定义了司法鉴定的性质,对司法鉴定人员和司法鉴定机构实行登记管理和名册制度,明确了鉴定人员和鉴定机构的条件和资格,并实行鉴定人负责制度,必将使司法鉴定无章可循的被动局面正逐步得…     

司法鉴定归口管理制度的法理探讨

司法鉴定证据是司法审判工作中证据的一个重要 组成部分，司法鉴定是否科学、公正，将会直接 影响到司法裁量的公正与恰当。然而，目前司法鉴定体制相当混乱，司法鉴定管理体制更是门类繁多，且极不规范，为完善我国的司法制度，保证司法公正，促进审判工作的顺利开展，我们认为，在当前形势下，急需建立一套具有法官调控功能的司法鉴定归口管理制度。本文结合现行法律规定和国外的有关法律制度探讨该问题。 一、司法鉴定归口管理制度的概念 司法鉴定管理制度是指有管理权的机构依照法律的授权，对于有关司法鉴定机构或者其他对司法实践中的…     

论我国司法鉴定制度的构建

司法鉴定作为证据形式的核心内容，同时也是我国司法制度的重要组成部分，其特殊性和重要性是显而易见的。然而司法鉴定所存在的缺陷和弊端却严重制约了其作用的发挥，如：立法的不完善使得司法鉴定缺乏有效的监督，多头鉴定、重复鉴定等问题得不到解决。本人通过对司法鉴定现状的分析，在借鉴国外司法鉴定相关经验的基础上，期望通过一系列的措施来构建我国的司法鉴定制度，使司法鉴定活动能够科学、公正地进行。     

基于似然率方法的语音证据评价

法庭话者识别技术引入我国已有二十多年,目前该技术已经广泛应用于各类刑事和民事案件中。纵观世界各国的法庭证据评价体系,除了DNA证据以外,其他证据检验鉴定结论的表述通常有三种:同一认定、否定排除和倾向性意见。简单肯定和否定的结论存在很大的弊端,即过高估计了证据的力度,因而有时可能会造成错案。鉴于此,国外一些学者提出在鉴定结论的表述和价值评判上引入基于贝叶斯理论的"似然率"方法。本文结合目前的法庭话者鉴别方法,重点介绍基于贝叶斯理论下的"似然率"理论体系,并阐明该方法的优越性、局限性以及一些亟待解决的问题。     

Exploring the Disclosure of Forensic Evidence in Police Interviews with Suspects

Despite many years of empirical research focusing on investigative interviewing and detecting deception, very little research attention has been paid to the various types of evidence which feature in police interviews with suspects. In particular, the use of forensic evidence in the context of police interviews has not been previously considered, although in recent years the availability of various types of forensic analyses has dramatically increased. In the current study 398 experienced police interviewers from various countries completed a questionnaire about their experience of using various types of forensic evidence in interviews with suspects, as well as their perceptions regarding the strength of various sources of forensic information and how this may affect their interviewing strategy. The results indicated that although the participants have forensic evidence available in a large proportion of their interviews with suspects, the vast majority of police interviewers have received no training about how to interpret or use such forensic information. However, the perceived strength of forensic evidence was reported by some participants to affect their interview strategy and specifically the timing of the disclosure of such evidence during an interview. These findings are discussed with reference to police training and interview techniques, and suggestions for further research are offered.     

刑事诉讼视野下的法医物证应用研究

法医物证在刑事诉讼中发挥着多种功能,但目前实践中对法医物证的有效发现、提取、保管、检验鉴定及应用的技术规范和证据规则尚不完善。本文从技术规范、诉讼程序以及证据应用的角度发掘法医物证应用的规律性内容,用以指导实践部门提高法医物证的发现、提取、检出的比率以及法医物证在刑事审判中的采用率及证明力,从而较好地解决定案证据的来源和案件事实的认定问题,并避免因法医物证错用而导致的错案。     

似然比在法庭说话人确认中的应用

本文把成功应用于DNA检验的证据评估方法（似然比）应用于法庭语音证据评估之中,提取语音的LPC作为识别特征,并使用45人电话对话录音中元音/a/作为样本进行了测试。结果表明该方法不仅能正确识别说话人,而且能根据当前嫌疑人样本和问题语音样本的差异,量化该语音样本作为证据的力度,为法庭提供科学合理的证据评估结果和科学解释。同时,自动特征提取的引入比起人工提取共振峰特征,提高了工作效率,识别系统性能也获得大幅提升。     

Child abduction murder: the impact of forensic evidence on solvability

This study examined 733 child abduction murders (CAMs) occurring from 1968 to 2002 to explore the influence of forensic evidence on case solvability in CAM investigations. It was hypothesized that the presence of forensic evidence connecting the offender to the crime would enhance case solvability in murder investigations of abducted children. This study examined the impact of CAM of different types of forensic evidence and the impact of the summed total of forensic evidence items on case solvability by controlling for victim age, victim race, victim gender, and victim-offender relationship. Time and distance theoretical predictors were also included. Binomial logistic regression models were used to determine whether forensic evidence was a critical solvability factor in murder investigations of abducted children. This research indicated that, while forensic evidence increased case solvability, the impact of forensic evidence on solvability was not as important as other solvability factors examined.     

美国法庭科学证据的应用与发展

＂法庭科学＂萌芽于古代中国,兴盛于近现代西方国家,最终发展成为具备完整科学体系的现代意义上的法庭科学学科。法庭科学证据的应用与发展显然与法庭科学的发展与应用密切相关,它们相互制约,相互促进。美国司法制度中关于法庭科学证据的证明力、可信度、可采性的分立质疑对法庭科学本身的发展无疑起到鞭策与促进作用。美国法庭科学证据的司法制度以及常用的一些传统与高技术法庭科学证据的使用过程中存在的许多问题,理解法庭科学证据标准,对我国法庭科学及其证据的研究与应用有所启迪。     

The effectiveness of forensic evidence in the investigation of volume crime scenes

This study investigates the effectiveness of forensic evidence in UK volume crime investigations. The main aim was to identify characteristics of forensic evidence that influence its effectiveness in converting detections into criminal charges, as well as to critically consider the effectiveness of a recent service level agreement (SLA) implemented by Wiltshire Police, which aimed at reducing CSI attendance. The sample consisted of 445 police recorded cases received from Wiltshire Police. Presence or absence and location-related characteristics of fingerprint, DNA, and footwear evidence were evaluated on the effectiveness of forensic evidence and examined within the contexts of different volume crimes. Results showed a high level of correlation in converting detections into criminal charges where the presence of DNA, footwear, and multiple evidence types was recorded; and a positive correlation between forensic evidence ineffectiveness and presence of fingerprints, particularly in residential burglaries. Differences between individual offence types were expressed. The most prominent feature influencing the effectiveness of forensic evidence was found to be related to the movability of the exhibit associated with the recovered evidence, with DNA recovered from non-movable items presenting the strongest effectiveness. Cases processed after the implementation of the SLA did not show significant differences in forensic evidence effectiveness as compared to cases processed prior to the SLA, however, they demonstrated a lack in effectiveness of DNA evidence. The findings of the current research provide a better understanding of the contextual influences on the potential of forensic evidence and can support improvement of crime scene screening and CSI resource deployment.     

Application of subpopulation theory to evaluation of DNA evidence

The strength of any evidence can be assessed using a likelihood ratio (from Bayes' point of view). This is the ratio of the probabilities that the evidence would have been obtained given that the suspect is guilty and innocent, respectively. This, in turn, depends upon the probability that a match will be produced if the suspect is innocent. An essential population genetics parameter is the 'coancestry coefficient', or θ, or F(ST), which is the correlation between two genes sampled from distinct individuals within a subpopulation. In this paper, θ coefficients for the southern Polish population were calculated for three loci of forensic interest: TH01, TPOX and CSF1PO. Three small southern Polish subpopulations of different ethnic origin were analysed. The results suggest that values of θ appropriate to forensic applications are quite small in the southern Polish population (they vary in the range of 0.002 to 0.013), and the value of θ=0.03 suggested by the National Research Council is too conservative for the defendant.     

Meeting a Forensic Podiatry Admissibility Challenge: A Daubert Case Study

This article is an introduction to the United States Supreme Court's standard of admissibility of forensic evidence and testimony at trial, known as the Daubert standard, with emphasis on how this standard applies to the field of forensic podiatry. The author, a forensic podiatrist, provided law enforcement with evidence tying a bloody sock‐clad footprint found at the scene of a homicide to the suspect. In 2014, the author testified at a pretrial hearing, known as “a Daubert hearing,” to address the admissibility of this evidence in court. This was the first instance of forensic podiatry being the primary subject of a Daubert hearing. The hearing resulted in the court ordering this evidence admissible. The expert's testimony contributed to the suspect's conviction. This article serves as a reference for forensic podiatrists and experts in similar fields that involve impression evidence, providing evidentiary standards and their impact on expert evidence and testimony.