共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 29 毫秒
1.
Evan M. Berman 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1990,15(3):5-12
This research examines the impact of research and development (R&D) consortia on the competitiveness of American companies.
It also concludes that since passage of the 1984 National Collaborative Research Act, which allows companies to jointly perform
research, only a few R&D consortia have been formed and they do not have much impact on companies through applications of
new technology. It is suggested that R&D consortia may have more impact on firms that are catching-up technologically or for
which the particular research is tangential to their core business.
He holds a Ph.D. in public policy from the George Washington University (1988), and has worked for the National Science Foundation,
the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, and the National Academy of Sciences. His interests focus on technology,
economic competitiveness, and government policy. He has recently published on these topics in Research Policy (August 1990),
and Policy Studies Review (Spring 1991, forthcoming). 相似文献
2.
J. David Roessner Alden S. Bean William R. Kenan Jr. 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1990,15(4):5-14
This article is based on two surveys of US firms, all of them members of the Industrial Research Institute, on their interactions
with university and federal laboratories. It covers mainly the federal part of the responses. Although questions remain to
be answered (a followup survey is planned for mid-1991), the firms had a surprisingly high level of awareness of and interaction
with the federal laboratories. Many of them plan to increase their external R&D funding. We believe the firms including such
external resources in their strategic planning will achieve stronger competitive positions than those that do not.
Director of the Graduate Program in Technology and Science Policy. Previously, he was principal scientist and group manager
for Industrial Policy and Planning at the Solar Energy Research Institute in Golden, Colorado. He also served as policy analyst
with the National Science Foundation's R&D Assessment Program and, subsequently, as acting leader of the Working Group on
Innovation Processes and their Management. Roessner received degrees in electrical engineering from Brown University and Stanford
University, and a master's degree and Ph.D. in Science, Technology and Public Policy at Case Western Reserve University. His
research interests include the diffusion of technological innovations, national technology policy, government-industry relationships
in technology development and use, the management of innovation in industry, and indicators of scientific and technological
development. 相似文献
3.
4.
A firm can improve its innovation either by its internal research and development (R&D) efforts or by forming external collaborative
R&D alliances. While previous studies on R&D collaboration and knowledge diffusion mainly focus on various external sources
of R&D collaboration, little effort has been made to investigate the joint impact of competitive and non-competitive R&D collaborations
on firm innovation simultaneously. By examining the data of 165 Taiwanese firms in the information and communication technology
industry, we find that: (1) non-competitive R&D collaborations with universities have a positive direct impact on firm’s innovation
performance; and (2) both non-competitive and competitive R&D collaborations have a positively moderating effect on the relationship
between a firm’s internal R&D efforts and firm innovation and the positive moderating effect is higher for non-competitive
R&D collaborations than that of competitive R&D collaborations. These findings suggest that R&D collaborations, either non-competitive
or competitive, exhibit the nature of a win–win situation. We also derive implications for firms’ selection of R&D alliance
partners and government policies. 相似文献
5.
Research programs, like other government programs, are now being requested to demonstrate relevance and value added to national
social and economic needs. Complexity, unpredictability and other factors make it difficult to define specific performance
measures for R&D programs. This paper describes the performance measurement efforts of one technology development program
within the U.S. Department of Energy and proposes a strategy for applying this balanced scorecard approach to a fundamental
research organization. Simple logical models of the inputs, activities, outcomes and long term results of R&D programs are
proposed. A critical few measures of performance that answer questions from multiple audiences are then chosen across this
performance spectrum.
This paper describes work performed by Sandia National Laboratories Energy Policy and Planning Department, Albuquerque, New
Mexico 87185, with the support of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC0494AL85000. The continued support and
enthusiams of Darrell Beschen in the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and Iran Thomas in DOE Office of
Energy Research, Basic Energy Sciences, is appreciated. The authors also acknowledge the contributions of John Reed and the
training in the logic chart and performance spectrum provided by Ron Corbeil and Steve Montague. The opinions expressed are
those of the authors and do not represent the opinions of the U.S. Department of Energy. 相似文献
6.
In this article we undertake a detailed exploration of the research and development activities in one particular middle-income country. We explore what the data from R&D surveys can tell us about the levels, the determinants and the effectiveness of R&D in the manufacturing sector. We point to some of the broader factors that may have influenced South Africa’s drive to improve the technological capacity of its manufacturing sector, but we mostly focus on those issues associated directly with R&D. We show that the degree of interaction between the different domains of R&D activity, business, government and the tertiary sector has been weak, and that the possibility of positive spill-overs between these domains has not been fully exploited. In addition, little or no policy intervention designed to stimulate R&D activity by industry has been deployed in South Africa. We find that South African R&D activity has mainly been reactive in character and suggest that this lies at the heart of South Africa’s mixed R&D performance in relation to other developing countries. 相似文献
7.
The paper briefly outlines the status of technology transfer related issues in drugs & pharma and biotechnology sectors in
India. The paper also outlines the contemporary business strategies including R&D and technology transfer models. The study
indicates that present technology transfer policies and mechanisms are weak and need to be restructured. The current fiscal
incentives and tax concessions etc. available for R&D in industry seem to have outlived and are no longer attractive because
of continuous lowering of tariff rates and tax rates in the context of WTO and liberalization of policies. Moreover, the issue
of R&D support to industry is not covered in the WTO as in case of subsidies. Therefore, it is advisable for the government
to revisit the existing promotional measures for R&D. FDI policies also need to be tailored to encourage Technology transfers
and capability building. Recommendations are made for making Technology Transfer more effective for the growth and competitiveness
of the industry. A technology transfer management model is suggested.
相似文献
8.
This article offers a brief overview of the programmes in place for the provision of financial support to entrepreneurs and
R&D organizations for technology commercialization and dissemination in India. Financial assistance is provided under these
programmes to the industrial enterprises and R&D organizations by the Government of India for undertaking the development
of new technology based products. Technology financing under these programmes is provided in the form of: grants, loan, and/or
equity with the aim to strengthen the linkages of R&D laboratories with industry, as well as for the production of technology
based products for the domestic and global market. Extramural funding agencies of the central government departments such
as DSIR & DBT are involved in mainly the provision of financial support for R&D. 相似文献
9.
This paper examines the role that basic research plays in the strategies pursued by industry in their interactions with federal
labs. It draws on questionnaire-based data of 229 federal laboratory-industry joint R&D projects with 219 companies and 27
laboratories. The study documents the relative importance of basic research in the success of the interactions by comparing
the incidence of basic research on several indicators of success. The study shows that, even though projects involving basic
research tend to have higher costs, they also have a high percentage of product outputs in the short term. Typical high payoff
strategies for partnership were those in which the company performed several technical roles and the federal laboratory was
more narrowly focused.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation, Research on Science and Technology Program,
Contract No. 9220125. The views expressed here are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science
Foundation or any other institution. 相似文献
10.
Transferring and utilizing technology in developing economies is a vital issue for economic growth. Often the separation between
R&D institutes and industrial concerns limits the transfer of technology. The People's Republic of China, which has conducted
R&D in institutes separate from the potential user firms, has recently moved to facilitate domestic technology transfer from
R&D institutes to R&D consumers. This study, based on the statistical analysis of 60 R&D institutes in the machinery sector
in China, found that, while R&D intensity improves transfer of technology, funding and employee mobility hinders transfer.
His special area is in science and technology policy. He had worked for the State Science and Technology Commission of China
for six years before he came to the US. 相似文献
11.
Most studies investigating the determinants of R&D investment consider pooled estimates. However, if the parameters are heterogeneous, pooled coefficients may not provide reliable estimates of individual industry effects. Hence pooled parameters may conceal valuable information that may help target government tools more efficiently across heterogeneous industries. There is little evidence to date on the decomposition of the determinants of R&D investment by industry. Moreover, the existing work does not distinguish between those R&D determinants for which pooling may be valid and those for which it is not. In this paper, we test the pooling assumption for a panel of manufacturing industries and find that pooling is valid only for output fluctuations, adjustment costs and interest rates. Implementing the test results into our model, we find government funding is significant only for low-tech R&D. Foreign R&D and skilled labour matter only in high-tech sectors. These results suggest important implications for R&D policy. 相似文献
12.
Yannis Caloghirou Aggelos Tsakanikas Nicholas S. Vonortas 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2001,26(1-2):153-161
This paper investigates the characteristics of university-industry collaboration in a large set of research joint ventures (RJVs) established in the context of the European Framework Programmes over a period of fourteen years. The share of university-industry RJVs is found to have gradually increased. Such RJVs have tended to be relatively larger in terms of participant numbers. Universities from peripheral European regions have been rather active in the examined RJVs. Firms cooperate with Universities to exploit research synergies leading to cost savings or improvements in R&D productivity, keeping up with major technological developments, and sharing R&D cost. Firms reported that the most important benefit from such collaboration has been the positive impact on their knowledge base. 相似文献
13.
Underinvestment in Public Good Technologies 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gregory Tassey 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2004,30(1-2):89-113
Although underinvestment phenomena are the rationale for government subsidization of research and development (R&D), the concept is poorly defined and its impact is seldom quantified. Conceptually, underinvestment in industrial R&D can take the form of either a wrong amount or a suboptimal composition of R&D investment. In both cases, R&D policy has not adequately modeled the relevant economic phenomena and thus is unable to characterize, explain, and measure the underinvestment. Four factors can cause systematic underinvestment in R&D-intensive industries: complexity, timing, existence of economies of scale and scope, and spillovers. The impacts of these factors vary in intensity over the typical technology life cycle, so government policy responses must be managed dynamically. In addition to understanding the causes of underinvestment in R&D, the magnitude of the deficiency relative to some “optimum” must be estimated to enable a ranking of technology areas with respect to expected net economic benefits from a government subsidy. Project selection criteria must therefore be based on quantitative and qualitative indicators that represent the nature and the magnitude of identified market failures. The major requirement for management of R&D policy therefore is a methodology that regularly assesses long-term expected benefits and risks from current and proposed R&D portfolios. To this end, a three-stage process is proposed to effectively carry out R&D policy analysis. The three stages are (1) identify and explain the causes of the underinvestment, (2) characterize and assess the investment trends and their impacts, and (3) estimate the magnitude of the underinvestment relative to a perceived optimum in terms of its cost to the economy. Only after all three stages of analysis have been completed can the underinvestment pattern be matched with the appropriate policy response. 相似文献
14.
Industrial clusters have attracted increasing attention as important locations of innovation. Therefore, several countries
have started promotion policies for industrial clusters. However, there are few empirical studies on cluster policies. This
paper examines the effects of the “Industrial Cluster Project” (ICP) in Japan on the R&D productivity of participants, using
a unique dataset of 229 small firms, and discusses the conditions necessary for the effective organization of cluster policies.
Different from former policy approaches, the ICP aims at building collaborative networks between universities and industries
and supports the autonomous development of existing regional industries without direct intervention in the clustering process.
Thus far, the ICP is similar to indirect support systems adopted by successful European clusters. Our estimation results suggest
that participation in the cluster project alone does not affect R&D productivity. Moreover, research collaboration with a
partner in the same cluster region decreases R&D productivity both in terms of the quantity and quality of patents. Therefore,
in order to improve the R&D efficiency of local firms, it is also important to construct wide-range collaborative networks
within and beyond the clusters, although most clusters focus on the network at a narrowly defined local level. However, cluster
participants apply for more patents than others without reducing patent quality when they collaborate with national universities
in the same cluster region. 相似文献
15.
Mary Ellen Mogee 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1991,16(2):14-19
This paper reviews US statistics on international transactions in royalties and license fees to provide insights into the
inward international licensing of technology by US-based firms. The data and their limitations are described. Trends in the
data suggest that a change is occurring in the balance between outward and inward licensing of technology by US-based firms.
The statistics are consistent with the idea that such firms have a diminishing technological lead and that technology importing,
in addition to technology exporting, is becoming important to them. The new situation raises issues for corporate strategy
and technology management, as well as for government policy.
Mary Ellen Mogee is president of Mogee Research & Analysis Associates, a consulting firm in Great Falls, VA. She established
the firm in 1985, after 15 years in policy-analysis positions at the National Science Foundation, the Congressional Research
Service, the National Bureau of Standards, and the Patent and Trademark Office. She also teaches in the Management of Science,
Technology, and Innovation program in the School of Business and Public Management at the George Washington University. Mogee
received her Ph.D. in political science and an MA in science, technology, and public policy from George Washington University. 相似文献
16.
Micha? Bojanowski Rense Corten Bastian Westbrock 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2012,37(6):967-987
Research and development (R&D) partnerships are formed to share the risks and benefits of R&D. At the macro level, they result in a globe-spanning network that can be a valuable source of international knowledge spillovers. This network is the subject of a considerable body of literature. Often-made claims are that R&D collaboration is an important activity in a competitive environment, but that the importance of international partnerships has declined over time. Furthermore, it is claimed that collaborations are disproportionally concentrated within the developed economies. However, this literature fails to account for variations in the sizes of underlying firm populations between countries and over time. We argue that these population sizes create an opportunity structure of available collaboration partners for firms, and that ignoring variations in this structure potentially leads to erroneous conclusions about the structure and dynamics of the R&D network. To address this problem, we study the structure and dynamics of the global R&D network on an international and cross-industry scale using longitudinal data for 1989?C2002. We integrate data on public firms and their R&D partnerships and confront earlier findings with our data and a set of methods, which enables us to correct for the structure and dynamics in the firm population. While our study confirms previous findings concerning the worldwide trend in collaborative activity, it also shows that results on individual countries need correction. In particular, the importance of R&D collaboration for US companies is overestimated, while their openness towards foreign partners is underestimated. 相似文献
17.
Maria Papadakis 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1995,20(1):54-66
A number of initiatives over the past decade have tried to increase the federal laboratory system's impact on U.S. competitiveness, largely based on assumptions that the system is a reservoir of readily available technology appropriate to industry's competitive needs. However, there is a virtual absence of empirical data on the nature of research and development in the national laboratory system and the character of its R&D “products.” This paper reviews the limited data on R&D in the national laboratory system available from the General Accounting Office, the National Science Foundation, and the National Comparative Research and Development Project. The findings suggest that technologies available within the system are likely to emerge from the most strongly mission-oriented R&D, and are therefore the least likely to spin off and diffuse throughout the industrial base. Once the hardware needs of the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of Energy (DOE), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are excluded, most of the system's R&D output is fundamental knowledge, which flows through public domain literature and requires substantial additional processing to become commercial products. The implications are (1) there is no reason to believe the current federal laboratory system can directly enhance U.S. competitiveness; (2) in order for labs to contribute to competitiveness, they must have more explicit missions to do so; and (3) policy expectations of commercial impacts are inconsistent with policy requirements that labs conduct precommercial basic and applied research. 相似文献
18.
With the increasing importance of technology, the efficiency of R&D investment is becoming a critical factor to an organisation’s
success. As a result, many studies have carried out to create useful information to support various decision-makings faced
during R&D planning but few efforts were made to discuss technology transferability in creating the information. Technology
transferability can be an important factor to increase the efficiency of R&D investment especially in a multi-technology industry,
where a compound of several industries produces a variety of components and systems. Therefore, this study purposes to develop
a systematic method to analyse the transferability of technology, aiming to facilitate R&D spill-over. For the purpose of
analysis, patent data from USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office) was adopted and patent citation analysis applied,
which shows the relationship between technologies and industries as quantitative measures. The research result then was applied
to Korean aerospace industry and its utility verified. The suggested method is expected to be used in understanding technology
characteristics and making the most use of R&D outputs by promoting technology transfer in multi-technology industries. 相似文献
19.
Nobuya Fukugawa 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2013,38(4):415-431
This study examines how university knowledge spills over into small technology-based firms in Japan. Estimated Heckman selection models taking into account the timing of university-industry research collaboration and geographical proximity to spillover pools reveal that cooperative research with universities positively affects R&D productivity of small technology-based firms with a three-year lag. Among small technology-based firms that collaborate with universities in research, firms with local ties have a greater advantage in improving the quality of their R&D personnel through the acquisition of complementary knowledge. Theoretical and policy implications of empirical results are discussed. 相似文献
20.
Tsinghua University, one of the top universities in China, has conducted a lot of collaborative R&D projects with multinational
companies in the recent years. One of tough issues in the collaborative R&D is to deal with the intellectual property rights.
The Chinese Patent Law and other relevant laws make Tsinghua University to look for more intellectual property rights. Several
factors such as the input from the collaborative parties, the property of R&D, the relation between the collaborative project
and the activities of R&D made before, or to be made after, the collaboration, and the life and potential market of the technologies
play an important rule in the treatment of Intellectual property rights. The different collaborative models have different
models of the distribution of intellectual property rights between the University and multinational companies.
相似文献