论保险监管的理论根源

保险监管不同于政府对一般市场主体及其市场活动的监管 ,主要是由保险业、保险合同及保险市场的特殊性决定的。保险市场存在的诸多市场失灵问题 ,是保险监管的经济根源。而保险监管的法律根源主要在于保险监管是保险市场实现法的秩序价值和公平价值的必要手段和重要途径 ,也是实现法的自由和效率价值乃至其他价值的需要     

候保期间事故之赔付探讨

候保期间发生保险事故是否应当赔付的问题,是困扰我国司法界的一个难题。如果投保人在投保前已经交付保险费,基于对价平衡、合理期待等理论,保险人应当承担候保期间事故的赔付责任。学术界对此种赔付的性质有三种不同认识:缔约过失责任、侵权责任以及未成立之保险合同的契约责任,但这三种认识都存在问题,保险人承担的责任应当为临时保险的契约责任。我国未来建立临时保险制度的方向应当确定为:在投保人已经交付保险费的情况下,保险人必须提供不附条件的临时保险;在投保人未交付保险费的情况下,保险人可以自愿为被保险人提供临时保险。     

论新保险法中存在的几个问题

现行保险法虽然进行了修改 ,但存在诸多不足。主要表现在遗漏了保险公司的重要组织形式———相互保险公司 ;限制了保险业的资金运用形式 ;忽视了无效的保险合同制度 ;缩小了保险代位权的适用范围     

Insurance fraud in Taiwan: Reflections on regulatory effort and criminological complexity

The nature and prevalence of insurance fraud has been studied only to a limited extent, even in the USA and Europe. Nevertheless, national authorities have pressed ahead with various approaches to control such fraud. This paper briefly outlines the nature and difficulties around measurement of insurance fraud and reviews key international trends in the regulation of fraud. It then presents the findings of an empirical study of insurance fraud in Taiwan and recent proposals for anti-fraud control. It analyses these findings in the context of actual practices of insurance companies which give evidence to the idea that ‘moral hazard’ is embedded in the institutional arrangements, social relationships, and moral economies of private insurance.     

台湾地区投保人告知义务研究

台湾地区保险法投保人告知义务规定了较为详细的投保人履行规则,与大陆保险法比较,台湾地区在法院判例的补充下建立的较为完善的投保人告知义务体系,值得祖国大陆研究和借鉴。     

委托代理制度应用保险营销研究

采用委托代理制度可以取得规模效益和分工优势，我国保险公司普遍采用委托代理方式进行保险营销。然而，由于普遍存在信息不对称及激励不相容的问题，代理人往往会侵害委托人的利益，发生逆向选择及道德风险，从而出现代理人风险，导致代理成本增加。本文就委托代理制度在保险营销中产生的问题及如何降低代理成本展开研究。     

保险代理行为研究

从理论上说,商事代理是民事代理的特殊形式,保险代理是商事代理的特殊形式。某种意义上,商事代理是营利性民事代理的同义语。商事代理既是民事代理的组成部分,又是对民事代理的扩展和补充。保险代理行为中的意思表示是保险代理行为有效成立的基本前提。保险代理意思的存在,实际上表明保险代理权的存在,没有代理权,保险代理人的意思表示将不具有保险代理意思的法律效力。而“保险代理意思表示”也正是保险代理行为特殊于一般法律行为关键之所在。保险代理关系由保险人与保险代理人之间的保险代理权关系、保险代理人与投保人之间的保险代理行为关系和保险人与投保人之间的保险代理效果关系构成。前者为保险代理的内部关系;后者为保险代理的外部关系。可以说保险代理的内部关系是外部关系得以产生和存在的前提。而保险代理的外部关系是内部关系的目的和归属。     

保险法理论的发展与保险实务的应对及挑战——以《保险法司法解释二》的实施为中心

《最高人民法院关于适用〈保险法〉若干问题的解释（二）》就保险实务中若干重问题予以了规定,包括保险利益、追溯保险、如实告知义务的内容以及保险金给付与其他请求权之间的关系等,此次解释或采纳了最新的保险法理论研究成果,或根据保险法原理突破了传统法规的不合理适用规则,为更好地保护保险消费者权益以及保险业的发展创造了良好的司法环境.     

利他保险合同下任意解除权的利益失衡与解决路径

在利他保险合同下,我国保险法赋予投保人较强"任意性"的合同解除权,此造成被保险人或受益人保险金请求权的落空,有违"利他"之初衷。《保险法司法解释三》虽以被保险人或受益人的"赎买权"维系利他保险合同的存续,但却难以切实实施。借以行政法比例原则的适合性、必要性以及比例性三个子原则对投保人任意解除权制度予以审查,投保人任意解除权制度的目的虽然正当,但是所采取的手段与其目的不相匹配,应当对投保人任意解除权的行使进行限制。在我国的保险合同的框架下,当投保人与被保险人或受益人非为同一人时,尽管被保险人居于保险保障的核心地位,但对其合同利益的保护尚未达到足以突破合同相对性的程度,仍应以投保人作为合同当事人行使利他保险合同的解除权,且限于保险合同成立后至保险事故发生前行使。投保人解除利他保险合同前,应履行通知被保险人或受益人的义务,以满足被保险人或受益人对解除合同的知情权,从而保障被保险人或受益人"赎买权"。同时,投保人解除权的限制不仅仅包括对其积极解除合同行为的限制,还应当包括对其特定情形下消极不解除合同行为的限制,全面衡平利他保险合同下投保人、被保险人和受益人三方利益。     

我国诉讼保险制度构建探析简

目前,我国已经构建了帮助弱者的法律援助机制,但这种单一的权利救济方式由于其机制自身对受助者条件要求较高,难以满足全体公民的需要.国外的经验表明,诉讼可以与商业化的保险相结合,从而缓解公民不断增加的诉讼需求与司法资源有限两者之间的矛盾.因此,诉讼保险制度在我国日益引起重视,但诉讼保险制度的移植并非易事,需要对该项制度进行反复考察,只有建立起适合我国国情的诉讼保险制度,才能更好地推进我国法治建设的发展.     

Patent litigation insurance and R&D incentives

A major policy concern regarding patenting activity is related to the actual enforceability of the patents granted by Patent Offices. The risk of facing elevated legal costs to defend patent rights can affect ex-ante incentives to invest in R&D. This paper analyses whether the availability of insurance policies that cover legal expenditures for patent litigation could increase the appropriability of the innovation. We model a situation in which an incumbent innovator is endowed with a valid patent and an entrant imitator can either directly enter the market or try to apply for a patent, hoping that an error will be made by the Patent Office. The incumbent can accommodate the entrant, file a suit to a civil court or offer a settlement agreement. We model the presence of heterogeneity in the risk that the patents will face an error by both patent examiners at Patent Offices and judges at civil court. We analyse the changes in expected profits for the innovator when given the possibility of buying an insurance policy which will cover legal costs in the event of trial. We compare the cases in which (i) coverage is voluntary and the insurer can discriminate perfectly between risky patents; (ii) coverage is voluntary and the insurer cannot discriminate between patents, and (iii) coverage is compulsory. The model highlights a set of peculiar strategic characteristics of insurance for legal expenditures which contribute to singling out the reasons underlying the underdevelopment of this market. We suggest that the crucial reason for such a failure is not adverse selection; consequently, we challenge the benefits of making coverage compulsory.     

德国2008年《保险合同法》变革透视

2008年1月1日，德国《保险合同法》完成了其生效近百年后的首次重大修订并开始实施。新法在强化保险人义务、完善投保人权利，衡平保险市场供需双方间利益关系等方面作出了诸多重大变革。变革内容主要包括：保险人建议与说明义务的强化、投保人告知义务范围及其责任机制的完善、被保险人权利类型的扩张、保险合同解除权制度的健全以及保险合同法本身的现代化等。相关变革对于中国保险法的进一步完善具有重要借鉴价义。     

存款风险的法律分析

存款作为存款人与银行利益最大化目的之竞合结果 ,对于二者具有同样重要的意义。但高息揽存、挂失止付所存在的风险 ,以及银行破产倒闭后的存款人利益能否获得保护 ,又是存款经营中所必须面对的问题。银行经营中必须尽谨慎注意义务 ,加强并建立存款准备金制度、存款保险制度 ,以化解存款风险。     

论我国环境侵权责任保险制度的构建

面对日益严重的环境污染 ,我国应建立环境侵权责任保险制度 ,并可以引进巨灾风险证券化等制度 ,以更有效地分散风险。对于突发性环境侵权行为的责任保险应作为商业保险看待 ,对于持续性环境侵权的责任保险应作为政策性保险看待。我国环境侵权责任保险制度的实施应采取分步走的策略 ,即先承保突发性的环境侵权行为 ,待条件成熟时再承保持续性的环境侵权行为。针对环境侵权的危险性、突发性、持续性等因素 ,应采取强制投保和自愿投保相结合的方式。在给予受害人赔偿时 ,应实行责任限额制。     

Ensuring Insurance for Foster Care: Requiring Foster Parents to Obtain Liability Insurance to Cover Harm Done to Foster Children in their Care

This Note proposes that all states should require that foster parents have liability insurance before children are placed in their care. This Note also proposes that the liability insurance needs to cover not just harm to third parties but also harm to the foster children through the negligent acts of the foster parents. This legislation will allow foster children to have standing to bring claims against their foster parents and insurance companies and give them a greater opportunity for recovery. Currently, the policies and statutes governing the policies in place do not cover all types of harm that can occur during the foster parent–child relationship. Certain policies leave children who are harmed by their foster parents’ negligence unable to recover any damages from the people who have harmed them. Because foster parents can be left to defend the actions themselves, they often become judgment proof due to their low income, leaving the children who are harmed with little chance of recovery.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
• States need to require foster parents to obtain liability insurance, which covers harm done by the foster children to third parties, harm to the home, and any harm done to the child by the foster parents.

     

投保人告知义务研究

告知义务是诚实信用与契约自由原则在保险法中的具体体现。保险合同融专业性、复杂性和技术性为一体 ,投保人善尽告知的范围应以保险人的书面询问为限。为使保险人能准确衡估危险 ,告知义务主体应扩大及于被保险人。违反告知义务者 ,保险人有权解除合同 ,故意不履行告知义务者 ,对合同解除前发生保险事故造成损失的 ,保险人不负赔偿责任 ;过失未履行告知义务者 ,对合同解除前发生保险事故造成损失的 ,保险人原则上应负赔偿责任     

美国《病人保护和可负担医疗法》的主要内容及启示

美国《病人保护和可负担医疗法》围绕扩大保险覆盖面、强化公共项目、提升医疗质量和效率、提高项目透明和廉正度、加强医疗服务人力资源建设和合理化资金投入等对美国医疗体系进行了全面而深入的变革。美国＂低成本、全覆盖＂的医疗改革可以为中国提供有益借鉴。     

论我国农民工养老保险制度的构建与完善

农民工已成为我国产业工人的重要组成部分,他们为城市的繁荣和农村的发展做出了重大贡献。建立健全农民工养老保险制度,是构建和谐社会与社会主义新农村的基本条件,将对社会的稳定、经济的发展以及我国的城市化和工业化进程带来重大的影响。本文剖析了目前我国农民工养老保险制度中存在的主要问题,进而提出了相关措施,以期为建立和完善全国统筹的农民工养老保险体系尽绵薄之力。     

The cost of delegated control: vicarious liability, secondary liability and mandatory insurance

Vicarious liability, secondary liability and mandatory insurance are three systems for attaining judgment-proof or disappearing injurers’ precaution through the direct control of a second party (the vicariously liable principal, the secondary liable party, or the insurer). In this way, the legal system delegates control over some injurers to private entities. Such mechanisms generate monitoring costs. In this paper, we consider who bears the cost of such monitoring, and the effect thereof on the equilibrium level of precautions under different liability rules. We use these findings to explain some of the patterns in the coupling of substantive standards of liability and legal regimes of delegated control.