道德权利与法律权利

道德从某一方面反应统治阶级的正当性要求。权利就是一种正当的要求,它反映了人们对行为"正当性"的评价。我们知道,这种正当性的评价根据既可以是法律,也可以是道德、风俗习惯,所以权利就不应局限于法的领域。它应当体现在社会习惯、道德、宗教、法律等诸多方面,包含着习惯权利、道德权利、宗教权利、法律权利等许多内容。     

权利冲突之辨析

权利冲突问题是法理学领域的一个重要课题。从权利的形式来源的分类法出发,可以把权利冲突细化为法定权利与法定权利之间的冲突、道德权利与道德权利之间的冲突、法定权利与道德权利之间的冲突三种形式。     

契约伦理与权利的正当性

权利以伦理为基础,从而获得了正当性。市场经济的运行推动了中国从传统等级伦理观转向契约伦理观的诉求。权利的伦理基础发生了变迁,权利也必然要发生变化和发展。无论是从道德角度,还是从法律角度探求契约伦理与权利的正当性关系,都具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

真实世界中的权利冲突

为了研究权利冲突这种法律现象 ,有对其进行科学的界定之必要。以合法性和正当性作为标准做出界定是不科学的 ,其结果将会导致对道德权利等其他权利的不尊重或把问题引向相对主义。从权利形态角度来看权利冲突 ,权利冲突包括法定权利之间的冲突 ,也包括其他各种形态权利之间的冲突。权利冲突是由权利主体在权利实现和救济过程中引发的一种状态。     

去道德化视角下的法正当性问题

德国学者哈贝马斯曾将实践理性的运用途径划分为道德、伦理和实用三种途径。法的正当性与道德的独特联系正源于,与伦理和实用角度的运用相比,实践理性道德角度的运用所产生的规范性资源具有某种特殊的说理性优势。在西方法律思想史中,历史主义与功利主义法哲学分别代表着从伦理与实用的角度看待法正当性问题的最典型学派,而其所面临的问题则从反面说明了,从实践理性的深层结构来看,法与道德的关系问题仍是现代社会法正当性问题的要害,道德话语是建构法正当性无法置换的规范性资源。     

契约伦理与当代中国权利立法

在法治文明的现代社会,体现人的主体性的权利主要表现为法定权利,而法定权利的正当性取决于其与道德权利的紧密联系程度.弘扬契约精神、坚持程序中心、注重自由本位、信奉合理利己、强调权利重心是构建当代中国权利立法的法制观念、立法形式、法律模式、价值位阶、动力权衡和资源配置等良性机制的最佳选择.只有与时俱进的不断更新和改善,才能使法律权利有一个良好的发展前景.     

少数民族权利正当性理论述评

以时间为维度,少数民族权利正当性理论有三个层面:历史正当性,主要体现为历史补偿性权利,本质上是道德权利;现实正当性,体现为解决"多数决"民主缺陷的宪政制衡权利,本质是政治权;未来正当性,主要体现为维护和保持民族特征的差别权利,本质上是文化自由和指向未来的机会、发展平等权。     

环境刑法的伦理基础

在环境伦理学中,对于人与自然的关系主要存在人类中心主义、动物解放/权利论、生物平等主义和生态中心主义四种学说。其中,现代人类中心主义是一种最低性的道德标准,可以作为环境刑法的伦理基础。从现代人类中心主义的角度审视环境犯罪,可以发现:环境犯罪是对当代人和未来世代人利益的侵犯,其社会危害性并不仅仅体现为经济价值,环境犯罪正在向一种自然犯罪演化。     

环境刑法的伦理基础

在环境伦理学中 ,关于人与自然的关系主要存在人类中心主义、动物解放 (权利 )论、生物平等主义和生态中心主义四种学说。其中 ,现代人类中心主义是一种最低的道德标准 ,可以作为环境刑法的伦理基础。从现代人类中心主义的角度审视环境犯罪 ,可以发现 :环境犯罪是对当代人和未来世代人利益的侵犯 ,其社会危害性并不仅仅体现为经济价值 ;环境犯罪正在向一种自然犯罪演化。     

祭奠的习俗与祭奠权纠纷

从风俗习惯的视角来看,祭奠体现了中国传统礼法文化的核心价值理念——孝。历史上,由于礼这种大传统的存在,祭奠具有某种意义上的法律属性。现在,祭奠主要是作为一种民间规范,在小传统的意义上发挥其不可替代的社会效用。从法权的视角来看,现行法律没有明文规定祭奠权为一种具体的法定权利。司法过程中,法官可以基于法律原则,对祭奠权作为一种身份权的推定权利进行正当性论证,以之定纷止争。对祭奠权纠纷现象,我们既要肯定其弘扬法权的历史进步性,也不可否弃自己的东方经验。     

法人人格权否定论

法人人格系无伦理性的纯法技术产物,人格权系立基于伦理人格而非法律人格,法人无人格权,法人享有的所谓人格权实质上只是财产权。     

Consent,commercialisation and benefit-sharing

This article considers two issues in relation to the increasing commercial exploitation of biological materials: first, whether the consent of the individual who is the source of biological material is needed for the material to be used commercially; and secondly, whether the source has any right to share in the profits. Whilst the legal requirement for consent to commercial use is uncertain, the overwhelming view from ethical statements suggests that such consent is appropriate. With regard to profit-sharing, source individuals have no legal right to share in the profits of commercial exploitation of their sample. However, there is support in some ethical statements for benefit-sharing with source individuals and their communities.     

信用权性质辨析——以信用的涵义为线索

文章分析了信用的涵义,认为信用有表现为道德评价的信用、作为道德准则的信用和表现为经济评价的信用之别,而信用权的客体是表现为经济评价的信用,在考察相关特征后指出,信用权客体的财产性是占主导地位的,学理上信用权应定位为无形财产权为宜。     

The 14/2007 Law on Biomedical Research: comments on ethical and scientific aspects]

The Spanish Law on biomedical investigation is analyzed from the scientific and ethical points of view. In the author's opinion, some terms used in the text in order to avoid ethical and legal conflicts are not right from the biological point of view.     

实然与应然——法律伦理之可能

法律伦理及法律伦理学是否可能取决于从法律伦理行为事实能否推导出法律伦理行为应该。然而,单纯从行为事实是推不出行为应该的,只有通过法律目的判断以及法律伦理行为事实和法律目的之关系判断才能从法律伦理行为事实如何推导出法律伦理行为应该如何。法律伦理行为之应该经由人们的实践活动可以变为现实,其具体保障在于法律伦理良心、法律伦理名誉及底线法律伦理的法律化。     

财产权制度的存在基础

民族性、目的性和当代性是民法制度设计的根基,财产权观念不仅是一种单纯的法律确认,同时也是一种伦理升华和哲学判断。财产权制度的产生与流变既是人类理性思维的结果,而且也有其赖以存在的充分的哲学依据,财产权制度的设计和改革必须以效益观念为指导。作者认为伦理基础是财产权制度民族性的体现,哲学基础决定了财产权制度设计的目的,而经济基础则是财产权制度时代性的必然要求。通过对财产权制度存在基础的综合分析,力图在前人已取得的丰硕成果上,重新观察财产和财产权这样一个开放的权利体系,对其做出正本清源的概括和梳理,以期对我国民法典和物权法的制定提供一种带有基础性的研究基点和研究思路。     

Ferrajoli on Rights

The author considers the distinction drawn by Ferrajoli betweenrights and their guarantees to be an important acquisition forpost-Kelsenian legal theory, but criticises the distinction drawn between fundamental rights and patrimonial rights, in particular contesting the hypothesis that non-disposability/inalienabilityis a characteristic of fundamental rights. On the contrary, Joribelieves that there is a substantial symmetry between fundamentalrights and patrimonial rights, because patrimonial rights can beseen as guarantees of the fundamental right of equal legal capacity.He also argues that the distinction between fundamental and patrimonial rights cannot be drawn solely on the formal terrain, but must beextended to their contents and their ethical importance. Finally,he studies Ferrajoli's thesis of citizenship: in his opinion, theabolition of citizenship hoped for by Ferrajoli would lead to asort of imperialism of rights, ethically a position fraught withproblems, in the light of the ethical value of individual autonomy.     

Legal and ethical issues in the use of antiandrogens in treating sex offenders

Antiandrogen treatment of sexual offenders raises serious legal and ethical considerations in both the medical profession and in the courts. Discussion is offered on the use of antiandrogens in both an involuntary and voluntary context. The potential negative impact of this treatment modality on such constitutional issues as privacy interests, right to procreative freedom, freedom of speech and communication, and freedom from cruel and unusual punishment is explored and notable, germane court cases are presented. The need for clear ethical guidelines for the administration of this treatment is stressed.     

Roman concept of mental capacity to make end-of-life decisions

When assessing decisional competence of patients, psychiatrists have to balance the patients' right to personal autonomy, their condition and wishes against principles of medical ethics and professional discretion. This article explores the age-old legal and ethical dilemmas posed by refusal of vital medical treatment by patients and their mental capacity to make end-of-life decisions against the background of philosophical, legal and medical approaches to these issues in the time of the Younger Pliny (c62-c113 CE). Classical Roman discourse regarding mental competency and "voluntary death" formed an important theme of the vast corpus of Greco-Roman writings, which was moulded not only by legal permissibility of suicide but also by philosophical (in modern terms, moral or ethical) considerations. Indeed, the legal and ethical issues of evaluating the acceptability of end of life decisions discussed in the Letters are as pertinent today as they were 2000 years ago. We may gain valuable insights about our own methodologies and frames of reference in this area of the law and psychiatry by examining Classical Roman approaches to evaluating acceptability of death-choices as described in Pliny's Letters and the writings of some of his peers.