1110例汽车驾驶员及乘员交通伤特点分析

目的比较道路交通事故中汽车驾驶员及乘员的损伤特点,为汽车安全设计及事故预防提供参考。方法选择2006～2009年受理的交通伤害案件中373例汽车驾驶员及737例汽车乘员的伤残评定资料进行回顾性分析,对损伤部位的分布,多发伤的数量以及伤残等级进行比较。结果驾驶员损伤部位明显较乘员多,肢体、胸腹损伤发生率明显较乘员高,脊柱损伤的发生率明显较乘员低;驾驶员身体左侧受伤的几率较右侧高,而乘员左右损伤差异不显著;两类人员损伤所致伤残等级腹部、盆部分布显著不同,而其他部位无显著差异,但胸部、脊柱部位高等级伤残构成比乘员略多于驾驶员。结论汽车驾驶员与乘员损伤部位、数量及部分部位的损伤致残程度有差异,值得汽车安全设计及交通管理部门参考。     

两轮摩托车道路交通事故驾驶员损伤特点的观察

目的 观察两轮摩托车驾驶员发生道路交通事故时的损伤形成规律,探讨此类事故确定驾驶人员的法医学依据。方法 对2000年至2002年北京地区408例2人同乘一辆两轮摩托车发生事故造成摩托车人员伤亡的损伤情况进行回顾性研究。结果 两轮摩托车发生道路交通事故时,在驾驶员腹部、会阴部、大腿内侧、胸部、面颈部、小腿胫前会形成能反应摩托车特定致伤部件的特征性损伤,而乘员在这些部位的损伤多为摔跌形成,难以反应摩托车特定部件的特征。结论 在两轮摩托车道路交通事故中,伤者身上反应的摩托车特定部件的特征性损伤,可作为判断两轮摩托车道路交通事故驾驶员的依据。     

从“行人不让车”说开去

现在驾驶员都感到汽车难开,原因之一是一些行人不让汽车——有的在车前突然横穿马路,有的骑着自行车或步行在车前晃来晃去,汽车鸣笛也不让。据了解,这些不愿让车的行人都有一种心理:“我不让你,你也不敢撞我!”     

交通事故中摩托车司乘人员致伤方式分析

通过对3例摩托车交通事故中司乘人员的损伤特征及车辆痕迹的检验结果比对,分析事故过程中摩托车司乘人员的运动过程及致伤方式,发现因其位置、姿势和应激状态不同,摩托车驾驶位乘员与后座乘员在碰撞、运动过程中损伤形成不同,其人体成伤机制、部位及程度与车辆相关部位的损害痕迹可以相互佐证,对于推断摩托车司乘人员的行为方式(谁是摩托车驾驶员)具有重要价值。进一步总结此类事故鉴定的共同特点,可为事故责任认定提供参考。     

道路交通事故死亡案例驾驶员损伤特征分析

目的针对交通事故中驾驶员和乘客的损伤,辨别驾驶员损伤的特征性改变,从而为交通事故中准确认定驾驶员提供科学的证据支撑。方法对2006—2014年间,黑龙江省垦区内126例汽车交通事故死亡案例数据进行回顾性研究,分析汽车事故死亡案例驾驶员损伤特征,探讨驾乘人员损伤的法医学鉴定要点。结果驾驶员颈部、胸部、腹部的损伤多见,可检见汽车部件所致特征性损伤。乘员仅头面部及四肢与汽车接触部位有特征性损伤,其他部位未检见可明确汽车部件所致特征性损伤。结论损伤部位、类型与死亡人员的驾乘身份有关。     

交通事故中摩托车驾驶员认定1例

1案例资料1.1事故概况2005年9月28日晚,陈某某(男,22岁)、李某某(男,22岁)、李某(男,21岁)3人共同驾乘1辆跨骑式两轮摩托车与1辆停放的载货汽车发生碰撞,致两车不同程度损坏,陈某某等3人分别被抛向摩托车行驶前进方向的路面上,陈某某被抛向摩托车倒地右前方9.3m处、李某某和李某分别被抛向左前方12、20.7m处。3人经医院抢救无效先后死亡。为确定3名死者中谁是摩托车驾驶员,本文作者对事故现场车辆、死者损伤情况进行了检验,并进行了车辆碰撞模拟试验。1.2损伤检验陈某某:头颅变形;右额颞顶头皮裂伤,局部颅骨缺失,脑组织外溢;右眼眶骨部分缺…     

转弯碰撞事故中摩托车车速计算方法

两轮摩托车以其轻便、灵活的特性得到越来越广泛的使用.由于其体积小,行驶稳定性、抗击性较差,同时摩托车驾驶人多超速行驶,缺乏安全防护意识,从而易导致两轮摩托车与汽车的碰撞事故高发,造成人员伤亡的严重后果.据统计,两轮摩托车与汽车碰撞事故中,转弯碰撞最为普遍,占到摩托车事故总数一半以上[1].转弯碰撞现场一般比较复杂,驾驶人和摩托车多呈分离状态,且多因各种环境因素导致数据收集难度增大.本文重点讨论摩托车与汽车转弯碰撞事故中的两种主要类型,即两轮摩托车正面与汽车侧面碰撞和汽车正面与两轮摩托车侧面碰撞.     

汽车驾驶员和乘员损伤特点的法医学分析

<正>在处理汽车交通事故中，往往遇到因无人证和物证而难以确定死者是驾驶员还是乘员的问题，从而使事故处理工作难以进行。法医对交通事故损伤进行检验，有助于这些疑难问题的解决。本文作者通过对141例汽车交通事故死亡的驾驶员和乘员的损伤情况进行统计分析，探讨驾驶员和乘员损伤的形成规律，为道路交通事故的法医学鉴定提供参考根据。     

道路交通事故79例尸体剖验分析

道路交通事故的发生多见,本组案例占同期该法医部门尸体检验总数的40.10％。其中除3例猝死、1例烧死外,死于严重颅脑损伤44例,内脏及大血管破裂24例,复合性损伤7例。死亡者的损伤分布广泛、种类多,不同类型的事故以及各种不同的损伤各有一定的特征。     

“担保”制度助力道路交通事故纠纷化解

2012年10月31日,山西省侯马市一辆满载货物的三轮汽车行驶至侯风线与海军街交叉口拐弯时,陡然撞上了迎面而至的电动摩托车。瞬间,两车不同程度受损,三轮汽车主班某身体无大碍,但电动车车主任某受伤住院,经诊断,其腰部扭伤、腿部皮外伤缝合7针。侯马市公安局交警大队通过对道路交通事故现场勘验、取证,最终认定:三轮汽车主班某负主要责任,电动车主任     

道路交通事故伤残状况及其影响因素

目的研究道路交通事故致残的流行病学特点,为预防道路交通事故伤害提供科学依据。方法对2004年7月至2007年12月间深圳市5100例交通事故伤残人员的资料进行回顾性分析,统计研究伤残者的性别、年龄、交通方式、事故地域、致残部位、损伤时间、是否复合伤残等特点。结果在本组伤残人员中,男、女性比例为2.15：1;以青年、中年年龄段比例为最大,占90.3%;交通方式中以自行车、步行为多,共占57.9%;不同年龄段、不同性别和不同地域伤残者的交通方式存在明显差异;损伤部位中以下肢损伤比例为最高,其次为颅脑损伤,但重残多分布于颅脑、脊柱损伤。结论有必要针对不同人群、不同地域、不同交通方式,采取不同的预防措施。     

Influence of alcohol intoxication of pedestrians on injuries in fatal road accidents

Pedestrians belong to the group of road users with the highest mortality rate. The frequency of road accidents involving pedestrians is 2% but pedestrians represent as many as 13% of all road accident deaths. Because of the mechanism and dynamics of injury and the effects of alcohol on physical and mental performance, pedestrians under the influence of alcohol are classed among the road users most at risk.Our retrospective study included 125 pedestrian fatalities treated at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana between 1999 and 2006. We classified the victims into two groups by blood alcohol level Group I (alcohol positive) and Group II (alcohol negative), defined differences in gender, age, incidence of injuries and established causes of death and period of survival following the road accident. In Group I (n = 53) 96% were male and 4% female; the average age was 45.6 years. In Group II (n = 72) 40% were male and 60% female; the average age was 63.1 years. The percentage of injuries to individual parts of the body was higher in Group I than among the deceased pedestrians in Group II. The most common cause of death in both groups was craniocerebral trauma. Death occurred in the first 6 h following the accident in 92% of cases in Group I and in 69% of cases in Group II.Alcohol-positive pedestrians are predominantly younger men, who have a higher level of risk of a road accident, greater incidence of injuries and a shorter period of survival following a road accident.     

道路交通事故二次损伤致死17例分析

目的探讨道路交通事故二次损伤致死的法医学鉴定思路和要点。方法收集17例道路交通事故二次损伤致死的案例,通过事故现场勘验和尸体检验收集交通事故发生的基本信息以及损伤分布、性质等资料。根据收集的信息,重建事故发生过程,明确死者的致伤过程,分析损伤的致伤方式和机制、损伤的严重程度,判断属生前伤抑或死后伤,明确死者的死亡原因。结果道路交通事故二次损伤致死案例存在损伤严重,多发伤与复合伤常见,生前伤、濒死伤与死后伤并存,致伤方式多样,致伤机制复杂,甚至多次损伤相互掩盖等特点。结论道路交通事故二次损伤致死的法医学鉴定需结合事故现场勘验、尸体检验等综合分析和判断。     

成都地区道路交通事故致残人员流行病学调查

目的 探讨成都地区道路交通事故致残的流行病学特点,为研究道路交通事故伤害成因和事故预防提供科学依据.方法 回顾性分析了成都地区2003至2006年10月所有交通事故受伤人员伤残评定资料,统计分析致残者性别、年龄、交通方式、人员类型的构成及事故发生的月份、星期、地域分布.结果 6364例交通事故致残人员资料纳入统计.男女之比为1.84∶1,以18～50岁年龄段所占比例最大(66.34%);自行车、摩托车驾乘人员及行人共占80.90%.不同年龄段、不同性别或不同事故地域的交通事故致残者中,各交通方式的构成比均显著不同.损伤部位中,下肢所占比例最高(39.49%),其次为颅脑损伤(22.77%).结论 预防交通事故应针对不同人群、不同地域、不同时段和不同交通方式,采用不同的方法和措施,制定相应的政策.     

深圳市道路交通事故死亡案例特点分析

目的探讨道路交通事故死亡案例特点,为预防事故的发生提供可靠信息和参考数据。方法按照死者性别、年龄、死亡原因、事故发生时间及地点、事故车辆类型等相关参数,对深圳市4184例道路交通事故死亡案例进行回顾性分析。结果事故死亡人员以男性为主,男女比例为2.45∶1;事故在6：00～8：00和18：00～2：00发生最多;72%的案例在城郊主干道发生;死者主要交通行为方式分别为步行占44%,自行车骑车人19%,摩托车驾车人15%;肇事车辆以货车为主;死亡原因83.2%为颅脑损伤死亡,13.3%为多发损伤。结论深圳地区道路交通事故死亡案件具有明显特点,具有可防范性。     

Fatal traffic injuries among children and adolescents in three cities (capital Budapest, Vilnius, and Tallinn)

Motor vehicle accidental injuries are a frequent cause of death among young children and adolescents. The goal of this study was to compare patterns of injury between three capitals (Budapest, Vilnius, and Tallinn). Information on 190 fatal traffic accidents (69 pedestrians, 14 bicyclists, and 107 motor vehicle occupants) between 2002 and 2006 was collected from databases of medico-legal autopsies. The role of victims in accidents, the location of injuries, cause of death, survival period, and blood alcohol levels were evaluated. One-hundred and forty-one (74%) victims had a passive role in traffic as pedestrians, passengers in cars, or public transport. In victims who died at the scene, the rate of head injury was higher than in cases who received medical treatment (odds ratio = 2.58, CI = 1.2-5.55, p = 0.0127). These results underline the importance of postmortem studies to examine the pathomechanism of fatal traffic accidental injuries and to provide information for the prevention of road traffic accidents against children and adolescents.     

上海市道路交通事故受伤人员伤残分析

目的分析道路交通事故伤残的特征,为制定和修改伤残鉴定标准和相关法规提供参考。方法对上海市因道路交通事故受伤,2005年经法医评定构成伤残的案例资料进行回顾性分析。结果伤残部位以肢体最多（53.3%）,其次为头部（23.3%）,脊柱（9.7%）,胸部（5.8%）和腹部（4.4%）。2005年上海市交通事故年累积致残率为414.8/10万,男性（505.7/10万）高于女性（318.7/10万）,以35～59岁的致残率最高（538.2/10万）,60岁以上致残率呈现下降趋势（30.2/10万）。伤残者中交通方式以非机动车最多,其次为行人。结论2005年上海市道路交通伤致残率青壮年（35～59岁）最高,对社会经济和劳动力损失大。     

Drinking and driving in Singapore, 1987 to 1989.

Between 1987 and 1989 there were approximately 5,000 cases of fatal and injury-sustained road traffic accidents, of which 2.3-3.0% were alcohol related (blood alcohol levels greater than the legal limit of 80 mg% ethanol). The offenders of alcohol-related accidents are mostly Chinese (> 79%), male (> 98%), and more often 30-40 years old. The majority of the alcohol-related accidents (> 74%) took place between 8 P.M. and 4 A.M. in fine weather and light traffic. Rear-end, head-on, and side-on collisions comprised > 60% of all the alcohol-related accidents, and losing control of vehicles approximately 30%. Drunken driving cases for the same period that were not accidents showed a number of characteristics similar to those for accidents. In Singapore, motorcycle riders and pedestrians are more prone to road fatality than other road-user groups. International comparisons of road fatalities per 100,000 population gave Singapore one of the lowest accident rates (8.1-8.4) as compared with countries such as Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, New Zealand, Canada, and Japan.     

Fatal traffic injuries among pedestrians, bicyclists and motor vehicle occupants

The objective of this study was to investigate characteristic injuries of pedestrians and bicyclists (unprotected) compared to motor vehicle occupants' (protected) in fatal traffic accidents. Cases of 664 fatal traffic accidents (371 pedestrians, 45 bicyclists, and 248 motor vehicle occupants) were collected from 1999 to 2001 using the database of the Forensic Institute in Budapest. Autopsy reports were analyzed. Location of injuries, blood alcohol levels, seasonal distribution and natural diseases influencing accident outcome were evaluated. For statistical analysis, odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used by a conditional logistic regression. There were substantial differences in distribution of injuries suffered by pedestrians, bicyclists and motor vehicle occupants. Among pedestrians and bicyclists there was a higher rate of head injuries, such as skull fractures, epidural haemorrhage, subdural haemorrhage, brain contusion, and injuries of the lower extremities. Thoracic damages, such as traumatic aortic rupture, hemothorax, and abdominal damages, like liver rupture were dominant in motor vehicle occupants. Considering existing natural diseases, coronary artery disease was the only one with higher occurrence among motor vehicle occupants 24 (9.7%) compared with pedestrians and bicyclist 36 (8.6%). These results underline the importance of preventive strategies in transportation, pointing out that different methods are necessary to reduce fatal injuries of various traffic participants.