中国法律早期现代化的保守性价值评析

对如何评价中国晚清修律中保守性价值问题进行讨论。对晚清时期中国社会的法律价值重新评价,与西方国家法律现代化进行比较,考虑近代中国国家和民族的政治功利性,考虑民族心理,考虑当时的历史背景、学术水准以及东方国家现代化的共同规律,认为中国早期法律现代化中包含某些保守性价值是具有历史合理性的存在。     

Legal Knowledge about What?

We assume—in contrast to many "legal realists"—that law is a part of reality. Law exists because people believe in law, but law is not identical with beliefs. Law supervenes on human beliefs, preferences, actions, dispositions and artefacts. Moreover, the morally binding personal interpretation of the law supervenes on two things together: on the individual's knowledge of legal institutions and on moral obligation. The first supervenes in its turn on mutual beliefs; the second supervenes on motivations and dispositions of the individual, provided that she is morally sensitive and rational. Personal interpretation of law converts into social law, if other persons on the basis of overriding reasons do not contest it. Morally binding social law supervenes on moral motivation that is triggered by institutions that supervene on mutual beliefs.     

Creating Peer Sexual Harassment: Mobilizing Schools to Throw the Book at Themselves

This paper describes how peer-to-peer sexual harassment rapidly was transformed from an unremarkable reality of secondary school life into a serious social and legal problem. First, it shows how organizations and professionals served as an entry point for social change and legal mobilization. I argue that schools were quick to address peer sexual harassment because activists framed it as a moral and pedagogical issue that resonated with educators' deeply held professional values. Second, the paper shows how law and organizations developed endogenously. Without any legal mandate, schools created and institutionalized harassment policies. Courts then looked to these organizational practices to determine the content and scope of Title IX. In this way, schools literally "enacted" the law through their practices. This finding goes beyond previous work on endogeneity in that school policies influenced law at the level of doctrine, not simply at the level of meaning, enforcement, or application.     

公众意见在裁判结构中的地位

从裁判依据的类型分析,公众意见只能作为一种事实依据,参与个案裁判。在常规案件中,公众意见作为一种准用的辅助性依据,可以通过弱的裁量成为合理化判决结论的说明性事实。在遇有法律漏洞的疑难案件中,与社会性主张相一致的公众意见,如果耦合法律体系中的法律原则或基本权利规范,可以籍由强的裁量充当个案推理的运作性依据,成为非常情形中正当化个案规则创制的立法性事实。在日趋多元化和复杂化的转型中国,法律系统必须在稳定性和灵活性、普遍正义和个案正义之间寻求一种平衡;判断公众意见的个案裁判地位,同样需在辅助性依据或运作性依据、说明性事实或立法性事实之间寻求一种平衡。     

Legal Positivism and Deontic Detachment

I consider a puzzle that arises when the logical principle known as “deontic detachment” is applied to the law. It is not possible to accept the principle of deontic detachment in a legal setting while also accepting that the so‐called “social facts thesis” applies to all legal propositions. According to the social facts thesis, the existence and content of law is determined by the attitudes or practices of legal officials. Abandoning deontic detachment is not an appropriate solution to the problem—the puzzle can be recreated with other plausible closure principles. The problem can be solved by restricting the social facts thesis to legal rules, rather than applying it to all legal propositions. Properly construed the social facts thesis does not apply to facts about what legally ought to be the case.     

信用法律制度的若干前提性判断

法律上的“信用”是对社会信用体系这一社会现实的理论回应。信用在其法律意义上系由客观性的履约能力的评价以及主观性的履约品质的评价这两大要素构成，信用权兼具财产权和人格权属性，在定性和法律关系调整上更接近于财产权的性质，其与人格利益关联的部分则可由名誉权规范加以调整。对失信行为的救济和惩罚则分散地体现在民商法的各项具体制度当中。     

The Ideal Socio-Legal Order. Its "Rule of Law" Dimension

Abstract. The author aims at defining the borderlines of the concept "rule of law." This has been often inflated to encompass several dimensions of an ideal legal order. The author on the contrary believes that the "rule of law" ought to be a "thin" ideal. As a matter of fact, when the "rule of law" signifies almost any dimension of an ideal legal order, it comes to stand for nothing essential in particular. Deflation is then advocated for the rehabilitation of the normative content of the "rule of law." This means that the "rule of law" should be defined as a concept covering only some well delimited dimensions of an ideal legal order.     

Comparative law in legal education – building a legal mind for a transnational world

This paper considers the role of comparative law in contemporary legal education. The discussion builds on an idea according to which it is helpful to make a distinction between educating lawyers and doing comparative research. It is suggested that we should pay more attention to comparative law pedagogics in today’s world, where law graduates must be prepared for working in a global context. Whereas in academic comparative research the goal is to reach a deep cultural understanding of foreign law, in legal education the goal is to learn to “think like a lawyer”. It is argued that by means of teaching foreign law, it is possible to transfer the focus of legal learning away from detailed rules and instead concentrate on general principles. Comparative law-based material and teaching ought to be regarded as a stimulus that sets the learning process into motion. Moreover, it is claimed that more significance ought to be given to the transnational dimensions of law as part of legal education within all branches of law.     

慈善信托法律制度运行机理及其在我国发展的障碍

慈善信托作为结集慈善资源的重要途径和方式,历经百年,理应得到长足发展,然而现实中,其在全球的发展并不理想,与制度设计初衷反差较大。慈善信托作为从英美国家借鉴引进的法律制度,基于两大法系国家和地区不同的文化传统与不同的福利体制,其植入中国社会面临着诸多障碍。慈善信托制度的根基在于信用,如果信用不被视为社会基本行为准则,那么该项制度则很难发展起来,这就是慈善信托制度现阶段无法在中国植根、发展以及进一步以法律形式确定的根本原因。从具体实践层面上看,慈善信托制度与我国现行法律规范存在一定张力,无论是在设定主体上、信托财产属性上、设立程序上,还是慈善信托监察人制度以及税收优惠政策的驱动力上,诸多方面都存在不足与滞后。目前,我国正在起草《慈善事业法》,鉴于慈善信托制度缺乏在我国建立与发展的原初动力与条件,因此现阶段不宜在《慈善事业法》中规定该项制度。     

中国传统社会基层治理的法律机制与经验

基层社会治理对于整体社会治理起着重要的基础和支撑作用。在中国传统社会的基层治理中,形成了一套圆融自洽、顺利运行的法律机制,其中蕴含了我国在基层社会治理方面的宝贵经验。传统儒家法与道德相混成,一直将道德教化作为重要的社会治理手段,德治与法治相结合;而基层的自治制度,不论在立法还是司法上,都为国家法律体系的有机组成部分。中国传统社会基层治理的法律机制与经验,与我们今天所提的"自治、法治、德治相结合"有着不谋而合之处,在我们面对当代基层社会治理的重大挑战时,也具有不容忽视的价值。     

新行为无价值论的中国展开

对于在犯罪论体系中处于重要地位的实质违法性论问题,有重视"恶果"的结果无价值论和重视"通过‘恶行’造成‘恶果’"的(二元的)行为无价值论的对立,但我国刑法学界对这两种理论的研究尚未充分展开。合理的违法性论应该考虑某种身体动静如何通过对行为规范的违反造成法益损害,以建立一种"新行为无价值论"。这个意义上的(二元)行为无价值论不会使处罚范围扩大化,不会侵犯人权;同时,仍然坚守客观违法性论立场,不会混淆违法和责任的界限。新行为无价值论能够将犯罪论和刑罚论有机地统一起来,肯定刑罚积极的一般预防目的,也与我国当前的社会发展状况、立法倾向、司法实务相契合。     

民事立案程序中诉讼标的审查反思

在立案登记制改革背景下,应当关注和反思民事起诉要件中蕴含的诉讼标的明确与识别问题,最直接相关的是《民事诉讼法》第119条第3项规定的诉讼请求、事实和理由三个要件。与大陆法系经验和我国实践一致,诉讼请求最基础的含义是原告请求法院判令的具体内容(诉的声明)。即使文义允许,起诉要件中的诉讼请求也不应被解释为诉讼标的。通常的起诉理由及起诉案由均不应成为起诉要件,也就不影响立案诉讼标的的审查,但是例外在于诉讼标的旧实体法说下与诉讼标的直接相关的请求权基础。在应然状态下,登记制下的我国立案程序不应将诉讼标的明确作为起诉要件审查,法院应当在受理案件之后,将诉讼标的纳入诉讼要件审查的范围。但是从实然出发,现阶段也可以通过改良旧实体法说放宽对诉讼标的明确的要求,允许以选择合并为代表的、多元诉的客观合并形态。     

Hans Kelsen's Doctrine of Imputation

First, the author examines the traditional doctrine of imputation. A look at the traditional doctrine is useful for establishing a point of departure in comparing Kelsen's doctrines of central and peripheral imputation. Second, the author turns to central imputation. Here Kelsen's doctrine follows the traditional doctrine in attributing liability or responsibility to the subject. Kelsen's legal subject, however, has been depersonalized and thus requires radical qualification. Third, the author takes up peripheral imputation, which is the main focus of the paper. It is argued that with respect to the basic form of the law, exhibited by the linking of legal condition with legal consequence, peripheral imputation counts as an austere doctrine, shorn as it is of all references to legal personality or the legal subject. If Kelsen's reconstructed legal norms are empowerments, then the austere doctrine of peripheral imputation captures the rudiments of their form, exactly what would be expected if peripheral imputation does indeed serve as the category of legal cognition. Finally, the author develops the puzzle surrounding the legal "ought" in this context. Although Kelsen talks at one point as though the legal "ought" were the peculiarly legal category, the author submits that this is not the best reading of Kelsen's texts.     

当代中国法律体系的反思与重构

鉴于当代中国法律体系理论和内容存在着众多的不足和缺陷,联系市场经济和法律全球化的现实需要,有必要重新构建一种具有现实解释力和时代活力的新的法律体系理论。并以此为基础,以法域为标准,以私法、公法、社会法、国际法为基本元素重塑我国当代的部门法体系。     

On the Concept and the Nature of Law

Abstract. The central argument of this article turns on the dual‐nature thesis. This thesis sets out the claim that law necessarily comprises both a real or factual dimension and an ideal or critical dimension. The dual‐nature thesis is incompatible with both exclusive legal positivism and inclusive legal positivism. It is also incompatible with variants of non‐positivism according to which legal validity is lost in all cases of moral defect or demerit (exclusive legal non‐positivism) or, alternatively, is affected in no way at all by moral defects or demerits (super‐inclusive legal non‐positivism). The dual nature of law is expressed, on the one hand, by the Radbruch formula, which says that extreme injustice is not law, and, on the other, by the correctness argument, which says that law's claim to correctness necessarily includes a claim to moral correctness. Thus, what the law is depends not only on social facts, but also on what the law ought to be.     

Values ethics and legal ethics: the QLD and LETR Recommendations 6, 7, 10, and 11

The Legal Education and Training Review (LETR) Report recommended increased attention to ethics and values and to critical thinking. These aims could be achieved jointly through teaching ethical thinking: not as theory but as part of developing the capacity for ethical conduct. Such a pedagogy has the potential to become a qualifying law degree (QLD) signature pedagogy supporting “life-narratives” of students. The LETR Report recommends a review of the QLD emphasising legal values and ethics. Concern with values and ethics is linked to concern with professional conduct. Maintaining the law degree as a general or liberal qualification is also strongly desired. These potentially conflicting drivers generate ambivalence towards legal ethics as a subject for study, especially if legal ethics are perceived as teaching the professional codes.

Resolution of this tension is achievable through recognising the potential role of ethical teaching as part of an identity apprenticeship. Developing ethical character is as much a liberal as a professional aim. Ethics teaching can play an integrative role in the QLD. Formation of student identity is a central part of higher education taking colouration from being situated in legal education. In this context teaching legal ethics becomes the use of a salient example for carrying out the broader project of developing ethical capacity.     

论法律家与法学家的思维范式

法律家的思维范式表现为“独立型思维”、“保守型思维”、“崇法型思维”等 ,而法学家的思维范式则表现为“批判型思维”、“前瞻型思维”与“人权型思维”等。本文针对我国法律家职业群体培养过程中存在的问题 ,提出在法律教学中可增开案例分析课程、司法伦理课程与其他社会科学的课程。     

From Limited Realism to Plural Law. Normative Approach versus Cultural Perspective

Soft law, alternatives, informal conflict settlement procedures, are all the daily fare of legal sociologists who accept pluralism as part and parcel of the legal scene. Not so legal dogmatics, however, whose legal experts are still loath to think in terms of legal pluralism. For legal dogmatics, the "modern" theory of the State and its legal system—a theory forming the plinth of our Western concept of laws and rights—is founded on a pyramidal structure of legal norms and the exclusive validity of the laws created by the State. As a result, no given social system can formally allow several legal norms proposing different interpretations of the same matter to exist at the same time. In our "monocentrist" Western tradition of law and the State, pluralism is in oddity, an anachronism.     

反思法治文化：标准、困境与路径

如果说权力的配置是法治的核心,那么对权力具有深远影响的法律文化也在以＂看不见的传承＂方式影响中国法治格局。法律文化多元是一种现实存在,而法治文化的标准则为这样的存在设定了目标。中国历史上铸就的人治传统、礼法文化、法律工具化形成的传统法律文化形成了法治文化构建的传统障碍;对传统资源的过分批判和抛弃及社会信仰危机弥漫社会无形中扮演了法治文化构建的现实困境：面对传统障碍和现实困境,法治文化路径选择从社会主体意识整合的视角出发,即从文化多元、法治意识及社会主体意识方面探究中国法治文化建设的出路。     

法学教育中的法律伦理教育问题研究

从法律的内在价值要求、我国法治建设中存在的问题,提出法律伦理教育是我国法学教育不可或缺的重要组成部分.法律伦理包括蕴含在法律制度中的制度伦理与法律职业者在职业活动中的法律行为伦理即职业道德两部分.法律伦理教育的目标就是要把学生培养成为具有健全的法律伦理人格,有助于法律终极目标实现的"社会医生".这一目标的实现有赖于法学教育理念的重构和法学教学方法的转变.目前,开展法律伦理教育面临的障碍主要有思想认识上的偏颇,社会"道德滑坡"的大环境以及法律国家主义的影响等.