法国重返北约一体化军事架构分析

法国决定重返北约一体化军事架构,目标有三,即提升法国在北约联盟内部的地位,力求与美国等国改革北约,使之朝着有利于法国、欧盟的利益方向发展;消除盟国、盟友对法国倡导的欧洲共同安全与防务政策的疑虑,促进欧洲防务建设,以此平衡北约;建立欧盟和北约的良好合作关系。究其实质就是,法国希望通过重返北约,实现以上目标,达到提升法国在国际舞台上的地位。但是,法国重返北约能否提升法国在北约的地位,主导北约的改革;能否促进欧洲防务建设和改善欧盟和北约关系,存在很大变数。如果不能成功,法国会因此而丧失外交政策的独立性。     

从美苏之间到美欧俄之间——1989年后中东欧国家的外交战略与大国关系的互动

在中东欧国家由苏联"卫星国"向北约和欧盟成员的转变中,苏联、美国、北约、欧盟及俄罗斯对中东欧国家的政策及它们之间的关系起到了至关重要、有时甚至是决定性的作用。正是在美苏对峙格局崩溃,美国成为世界唯一的超级大国,美、欧、俄的博弈渐次展开但远未构成三足鼎立的情况下,中东欧国家以加入北约与欧盟为主要内容的"回归欧洲"战略得以确立和实施。中东欧国家加入北约和欧盟对美、欧、俄关系产生了一定的影响,但不会从根本上改变与美、欧、俄之间现有的关系格局。     

浅析欧盟的战略自主——以防务合作为切入点

2016年6月,欧盟对外行动署发布了《欧盟外交与安全政策的全球战略》,其中提出了"战略自主"的愿景。深刻变化的国际局势是欧盟提出这一愿景的背景。但是,由于欧盟长期以来在安全防务方面一直处于对美国的战略依赖之中,因此,在追求和实现战略自主上动力和能力不足。防务自主是战略自主的前提,建设可信的防务能力是欧盟谋求战略自主的必要条件。对于欧盟这样的超国家组织来说,防务能力的建设显然依赖成员国之间高效率、高质量的防务合作。通过对欧盟防务合作的具体措施和重点项目的分析,可以发现欧盟防务合作能够有针对性地弥补其目前防务能力的缺陷和短板,并促使其防务能力得以提升。但欧盟战略自主依然面临内部和外部的双重制约,内部制约来自欧盟内部的制度因素,即欧盟如何通过一体化的深化来形成真正意义上的"欧盟的战略";外部制约来自欧盟与世界主要大国的关系态势,尤其是美国和俄罗斯对欧盟战略自主的牵制。这些制约因素使得欧盟战略自主的前景并不明朗,但是从另外一个角度来看,目前的确是欧盟实现战略自主的最好时机。对中国而言,欧盟实现战略自主利大于弊,中欧双方在促进欧盟战略自主、塑造国际多边秩序方面有合作的空间。     

欧洲防务机制:演变与前景

从冷战到冷战后,欧洲防务机制发生的变化,折射出欧洲格局的重组以及安全威胁的变化。原有的主要安全机制——北约,作为一头巨象,已经无法应对非传统安全威胁,而西欧联盟无论在冷战时期还是冷战后都作用不大,欧盟作为一个原经济一体化为主的国际组织,虽然也希望赋予自己新的安全职能,以便应对欧洲面临的新威胁,但是成员国之间的相互猜忌、美国的不合作、经济的衰退、扩大后的消化不良等,都为欧盟的防务合作前景带来相当程度的困难。     

英美防务关系的特性及其演变

英美之间特殊的防务关系是特定历史条件下两国基于应对共同威胁的相互需要而结成的利益同盟。两国间密切的情报、核武和军事合作构成了英美防务关系的核心内容,而制度化和依附性是其主要特征。冷战结束后,虽然英美特殊防务关系得以延续下来并表现出一定的韧性与张力,但整体退化趋势愈加明显。在英国"后脱欧"与特朗普时代,英美特殊关系面临更多挑战。由于英国对美国的战略价值下降以及双方关系中交易性成分增多,英美防务关系的特殊性进一步褪色。两国短期利益汇合或使这一特殊关系仍得以延续,但其依附性和交易性特征将更加凸显,从而影响其长期前景。     

欧盟共同外交与安全政策的进展、动因与问题

欧洲经济一体化的不断进展和冷战格局下的内外形势共同促成了欧盟共同外交与安全政策的逐步形成 ,尤其是它 1 993年后在目标、机制、财政安排以及防务方面取得了实质性进展。但是 ,由于国家主权的敏感性所派生的问题、运作机制上的缺陷以及棘手的与美国、北约关系等因素 ,使欧盟共同外交与安全政策的进一步发展阻力重重。总起来看 ,欧盟的共同外交与安全政策仍然处于初创阶段 ,还需要相当一段时期的发展才能真正成熟。     

论特朗普政府战略重心转移

2017年底至2018年初,美国特朗普政府连续发布《国家安全战略报告》《国家防务战略报告》《国情咨文》和《核态势评估》报告,基调一脉相承,即强调"美国第一",把中国和俄罗斯定义为"修正主义者",并要与之进行"战略性竞争"。在特朗普政府看来,恐怖主义、地区核问题构成对美国直接、现实挑战,但未来真正威胁其霸权地位的则是中国和俄罗斯,美国必须把国家战略重心转向大国战略竞争。美国新一轮国家战略重心转移必将对未来的大国关系和国际局势带来深远影响。     

读者与编者

美欧的对俄战略冲突无论是北约还是欧盟对俄罗斯有相似的改造目标。例如,北约-俄罗斯委员会致力于促进俄罗斯军队改革;欧盟-俄罗斯“共同空间”则是为了促进俄罗斯经济和社会的欧洲化、加强俄罗斯与欧洲的政治交往;欧洲委员会则被用来提升俄罗斯的西方价值观和规范。在俄罗斯不再被视为最大的军事威胁后,美欧都在尝试着与这个昔日的敌人和平共处甚     

美国与印度接近的过程及动机

美国与印度的接近始于21世纪初。小布什总统对印度豁免了本应适用于所有国家的核不扩散规则,从而消除了美印关系发展的关键障碍。美国对印度的重视主要是出于战略需要,特别是看重印度在平衡中国力量方面的作用。美印关系的发展从一开始就以战略合作为中心,其发展最快的方面是防务合作、科技合作、武器销售和联合军演。从目前情况看,美印关系的强化呈现加快趋势且难以发生逆转。     

欧盟在中美之间的艰难选择——基于“蛋糕主义”视角的分析

在中美战略竞争的背景下,美国要求欧盟国家与其联手遏制中国,抵制中国在欧洲的基础设施建设和投资。欧盟陷入两难境地,一边是为欧洲诸国提供安全保障的传统盟友美国,另一边是给欧洲带来经济利益的合作伙伴中国。大多数欧洲国家和欧盟实际上在实施一种“蛋糕主义”的平衡策略,即在中美之间“不选边站队”,保持一种矛盾和摇摆的立场,同时它们也希望能够避免因得罪任何一方而遭受重大利益损失。欧盟国家非常清楚这种策略只是一种权宜之计,只有进一步加强战略自主,从根本上提升欧盟的防务能力和外交自主权,才能拯救欧洲,并在此基础上发展欧洲。中国需要认识到欧盟目前的骑墙状态无法长期持续,因为美国如果加大对欧盟的施压力度或者对欧盟作出更有利的安全承诺,欧盟国家大概率会回归美国的怀抱,进而联手应对中国。对中国来说,应该鼓励欧盟“不选边站队”,因为总体上让欧盟偏向中国是不现实的,欧盟能够保持中立对中国来说在理论上是一种次优选择,在现实中也可能是最优选择。今后的中美欧三边关系存在较大不确定性,欧盟的战略空间可能会缩小,需要在中、美两强之间艰难地维持平衡。     

The Brazilian military after the Cold War: In search of a mission

What purpose should Brazil’s armed forces serve in upcoming years? Democratization, the end of the Cold War, and Brazil’s economic crisis have prompted an unprecedented debate over this question by narrowing the range of tasks that the Brazilian military can pursue. This article investigates civilian and military support for various possible military roles and analyzes their compatibility with civilian control. It argues that the political weakness of the current government, the economic crisis, and growing social unrest militate against an expansion of the military’s conventional external defense mission and in favor of non-combatant domestic functions. This has begun to occur despite military enthusiasm for the former and military reservations about the latter. The military’s adoption of multiple domestic assignments in a country with a tradition of military interventionism poses risks to civilian control.     

拜登政府执政后的重大国际问题笔谈

由于美国国内政治极化严重,恢复经济、控制疫情、弥合国内社会撕裂等成为拜登政府的当务之急。而且由于特朗普政府时期的一些对外政策具有一定的社会基础,美国两党在一些领域也有共识,所以在一些重大国际问题上,拜登政府的立场和政策将以延续为主、调整为辅。同时,鉴于拜登阵营的建制派背景,其在国际问题上将更注重以多边主义和国际合作的方式推进相关政策。具体而言,在亚太安全领域,拜登政府对特朗普政府政策的延续将大于变化;美欧关系将有所拉近;中美俄和美欧俄战略三角关系的调整将对美俄关系未来产生影响。拜登政府以重振美国国际领导权为重要目标,对多边主义国际秩序将产生较大影响。在全球卫生治理领域,拜登政府将努力消除特朗普政府时期外交政策的负面影响。在重返亚太区域经济一体化问题上,美国短期内不会有实质性行动。在科技产业领域,特朗普政府时期的政策基调将得到延续,中国需努力遏制双方关系恶化的势头,为自身发展营造稳定的外部环境。     

What Are You Prepared to Do? NATO and the Strategic Mismatch Between Ends,Ways, and Means in Afghanistan—and in the Future

This article examines ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) operations in Afghanistan as a way to get at the strategic disconnects in ends, ways, and means that the author believes are endemic to large-scale protracted stability and COIN (counterinsurgency) operations against adversaries who do not pose palpable existential threats to the members of an alliance. The article focuses mainly on the period that followed President Barack Obama's December 2009 announcement of a civilian and military “surge” in Afghanistan through the early stages of the ISAF offensive in Marjah, which began in February 2010. The article concludes that the fundamental strategic issue is that the Allies are not willing (or able) to devote enough resources to achieve their stated objectives. No matter how much the “Ways” might be improved, the “Means” are not sufficient to attain the “Ends.” Thus, what is needed is a more realistic understanding of what ISAF can accomplish in Afghanistan and what NATO might be expected to accomplish in future operations.     

The sources of Russia's fear of NATO

The paper analyzes Russia's perception of NATO since the beginning of its eastern enlargement. Russia's reaction to the enlargement evolved from attempts to diffuse its potential damage through a limited cooperation to passive and then active policies of containment. The latter have resulted in a risky behavior with respect to the alliance and a concentration of Russian military on the Western border. Two factors can assist us in explaining Russia's evolving perception of NATO from a potential partner to a renewed military threat – the historical experience of viewing the alliance, and the West in general, as potentially threatening and the post-Cold war interaction with NATO that served to strengthen the historically developed perception. As of today, Russia has learned from its interaction with the alliance that NATO remains a principle threat to Russia's national security and that through the alliance's expansion the West seeks to exercise its cultural, economic, and political domination in Eurasia.     

Will Black Lives Matter to the Police? African Americans’ Concerns about Trump’s Presidency

ABSTRACT

Based on a 2017 national survey of 1,000 Black Americans, perceptions regarding the implications of Donald Trump’s election as President on race relations, police-minority relations, and police treatment of Black citizens in the United States were examined. Findings suggest the existence of a “Trump Effect.” With minor variation across demographic groups, the survey respondents expressed overall negative perceptions concerning the effects of President Trump’s election. In particular, they expressed the belief that his presidency shows that the United States is a racist society, will strain police-minority relationships, and will create a climate in which African Americans are more likely to be arrested or subjected to police violence. At issue is not just African Americans’ distrust of President Trump but, importantly, whether his emphasis on “law and order” and dismissal of minority-group concerns attenuates the legitimacy of law enforcement in the eyes of African Americans.     

America's “Maginot Line” Defense Against Terror

Though anti‐American terrorism springs these days as much from Yemen and the “virtual ummah” as from Afghanistan, President Obama has nontheless further committed US troops to stabilizing a country well‐known as the graveyard of empires. What can the only Muslim country that belongs to NATO offer by way of advice? How best can the US keep its focus on the terrorist threat despite its diversion in Afghanistan? Turkey's former envoy to Afghanistan and two of Europe's leading experts on Islamist terrorism offer their views.     

How Turkey's Soft Power Can Aid NATO in Afghanistan

Though anti‐American terrorism springs these days as much from Yemen and the “virtual ummah” as from Afghanistan, President Obama has nontheless further committed US troops to stabilizing a country well‐known as the graveyard of empires. What can the only Muslim country that belongs to NATO offer by way of advice? How best can the US keep its focus on the terrorist threat despite its diversion in Afghanistan? Turkey's former envoy to Afghanistan and two of Europe's leading experts on Islamist terrorism offer their views.     

Headquarters of Terrorists Is “Virtual Ummah”

Though anti‐American terrorism springs these days as much from Yemen and the “virtual ummah” as from Afghanistan, President Obama has nontheless further committed US troops to stabilizing a country well‐known as the graveyard of empires. What can the only Muslim country that belongs to NATO offer by way of advice? How best can the US keep its focus on the terrorist threat despite its diversion in Afghanistan? Turkey's former envoy to Afghanistan and two of Europe's leading experts on Islamist terrorism offer their views.     

European Union anti-piracy initiatives in the Horn of Africa: linking land-based counter-piracy with maritime security and regional development

Piracy off the coast of Somalia has resulted in a steady decline in trade through the Arabian Sea and higher costs of doing business for multiple world regions. The EU has responded to the threat with a large-scale anti-piracy operation in the Horn of Africa, which constitutes the first free-standing Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) military operation that is not entirely dependent on North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) planning and assets. The operation is designed to interdict Somali piracy operations across the Gulf of Aden and to keep some of the world’s busiest sea lanes open for reasons of world trade. This article argues that the EU preoccupation with military solutions to the piracy problem, based on interventions through the Somali federal government with an emphasis on security, is insufficient because it fails to address the underlying causes of piracy and misunderstands the Somali socio-cultural-security nexus and the need for practical longer term land-based approaches to development. The reduction of Somali piracy activities can be linked to this increased military response capacity as well as to increased security precautions undertaken by shipping companies, but none of these strategies has succeeded in dismantling piracy networks. They therefore offer only a temporary and costly stopgap measure.     

Military twists and turns in world politics: downsides or dividends for UN peace operations?

Russia’s challenge to the post-cold war order, and the rise of Islamic State have resulted in a call for increased military spending among NATO members. Despite the increased demand for UN peace operations, any expansion is unlikely to benefit the world organisation. Instead we see an increasing reliance upon regional organisations like the African Union, European Union and NATO, in particular, for robust peace operations. An analysis of Western states (France, Germany and the USA) suggests that future investments in weaponry, technology and staff will primarily benefit NATO and the EU, but not the United Nations.