Different Stressors, Different Strategies, Different Outcomes: How Domain-Specific Stress Responses Differentially Predict Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents

As a time of notably increased stress and a marked rise in depressive symptoms, adolescence is a key period in which to examine how stress is related to mental health outcomes. Many studies examine stress as a unitary construct; however, research suggests that how adolescents respond to stress within different domains may differentially predict depression. The current study used an 8-week weekly diary design to assess how adolescents’ cognitive appraisals, rumination, and co-rumination in response to dependent, independent, social, and nonsocial stressors differentially predicted depressive symptoms. Participants were 111 high school students (72 % female) ages 14–19 years (mean age 16.4). Results indicated that rumination and co-rumination about dependent and social events, rather than independent or nonsocial events, prospectively predicted depressive symptoms. Negative cognitive appraisals prospectively predicted depressive symptoms regardless of domain. This study provides support for the hypothesis that adolescents’ responses to stress in different domains differentially predict depressive symptoms.     

Adolescent discipline: Different family members' perception

Adolescence is perhaps the most difficult period of child rearing for parents. This study attempted to identify disciplinary techniques used by parents as perceived by mothers, fathers, and their adolescent children. Results indicated several significant areas of intrafamilial disagreement in regard to disciplinary techniques utilized, although all subjects tended to agree that some form of verbal reasoning was the primary disciplinary technique utilized with these adolescents.This study was funded, in part, by the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (H-644) and the School of Home Economics, The University of Georgia.Received his Ph.D. in child and family studies from the University of Tennessee. Current interests include adolescent development, family influences on sex-role development, and dual-work families.Received her Ph.D. in sociology from Iowa State University. Major interests include family research methodology, assessment of family power, and marital dissolution.Received her Ph.D. in educational psychology from the University of Texas. Current research interests include parenting, sex roles, and socialization across the life-span.     

论劳动争议案件诉讼请求的类型化

类型化是基本的法学研究方法。对劳动争议案件的诉讼请求进行类型化研究,能够为当事人准确表达其诉求提供参照,帮助法官做好立案审查工作,还有助于推动劳动诉讼法学的理论研究。劳动争议案件的当事人不仅能够提起确认之诉、给付之诉、变更之诉,还能够提起课予义务之诉。这四类诉讼的适用条件、法律依据、诉讼请求各不相同。     

现代性的流变：从新青年到新人类

新青年是现代性的启蒙者,其独立地思考、自主地选择的思维品质成就了其“反传统”的历史形象。新人类继承了新青年的这一现代特征,并将这一品质植入了大众日常生活的思维之中,从而实现了现代品质由精英世界向平民世界的流转。但是,不同于新青年,新人类对传统认知的缺失导致其现代性具有强烈的当下性,却游离于民族整体传统的绵延之流。民族的复兴需要传统的现代性而不仅仅是当下即是的现代性。     

Different farming styles behind the homogenous soy production in southern Brazil

Soy is often perceived as a typical example of a homogenous capitalist agricultural model that is responsible for ecological damage and social conflicts. But this monolithic perception of soy production can be challenged: more than 30 percent of the soy producers in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) are family farmers. In this contribution, we study soy production, the soy producers and their institutional environment from an actor-oriented perspective. We have uncovered different farming styles behind soy production: the colonial farmer, the niche farmer and the entrepreneurial farmer. The farming styles differ from each other not only in the farming system, but also in attitudes (for example, towards the forest). We found that the institutional environment and the technology are mainly focused on the entrepreneurial farmer. However, also, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) neglect the existence of small-scale soy producers. These results have several repercussions for further analysis of this problematic crop and how it can shift towards a more sustainable agricultural production model as small-scale farmers might produce soy more sustainably.     

Children and Youth Care Education for the Culturally Different Student:

The authors discuss the issue of how to educate child and youth care workers to work with culturally different children using the example of educating Native students. In order to educate Native students, educators must be prepared to adapt curriculum and child care methodology within the total education program. In addition, the needs of the culturally different child must be addressed within the mainstream programs.     

实施广东区域协调发展对策研究

改革开放30年来，广东省国民经济发展取得令世人瞩目的成就，成为全国经济发展的排头兵。但是广东省在社会经济发展的过程中发展不平衡问题日渐突显，粤北、粤东、粤西和珠江三角洲地区之间的差距逐渐拉大，区域间差距的“马太效应”日益突出。必须正视广东区域协调发展中存在的问题，实现广东区域协调发展。     

Different Kinds of Lonely: Dimensions of Isolation and Substance Use in Adolescence

Social isolation is broadly associated with poor mental health and risky behaviors in adolescence, a time when peers are critical for healthy development. However, expectations for isolates’ substance use remain unclear. Isolation in adolescence may signal deviant attitudes or spur self-medication, resulting in higher substance use. Conversely, isolates may lack access to substances, leading to lower use. Although treated as a homogeneous social condition for teens in much research, isolation represents a multifaceted experience with structurally distinct network components that present different risks for substance use. This study decomposes isolation into conceptually distinct dimensions that are then interacted to create a systematic typology of isolation subtypes representing different positions in the social space of the school. Each isolated position’s association with cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use is tested among 9^th grade students (n?=?10,310, 59% female, 83% white) using cross-sectional data from the PROSPER study. Different dimensions of isolation relate to substance use in distinct ways: unliked isolation is associated with lower alcohol use, whereas disengagement and outside orientation are linked to higher use of all three substances. Specifically, disengagement presents risks for cigarette and marijuana use among boys, and outside orientation is associated with cigarette use for girls. Overall, the adolescents disengaged from their school network who also identify close friends outside their grade are at greatest risk for substance use. This study indicates the importance of considering the distinct social positions of isolation to understand risks for both substance use and social isolation in adolescence.     

The Relative Influence of Different Domains of Social Connectedness on Self-Directed Violence in Adolescence

Previous research has linked greater social connectedness with a lowered risk of self-directed violence among adolescents. However, few studies have analyzed the comparative strength of different domains of connectedness (e.g., family, peers and school) to determine where limited resources might best be focused. Data to address that gap were taken from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Student Health and Safety Survey, administered to 4,131 7th–12th graders (51.5% female; 43.8% Hispanic; 22.6% African American or Black). Logistic regressions (controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, family structure, academic performance, and depressive symptoms) suggest that family connectedness was a stronger predictor than connectedness to peers, school, or adults at school for non-suicidal self-harm, suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and non-fatal suicidal behavior. In some analyses, peer connectedness was unexpectedly a risk factor. Results have implications for prevention of suicide in adolescence, especially in the context of the current trend towards school-based prevention programs.     

Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Relationship Abuse across Different Sexual and Gender Identities

Journal of Youth and Adolescence - Little is known about the characteristics and context of adolescent relationship abuse victimization across youth of different sexual and gender minority...     

趋同还是存异——世界经济一体化下各国劳动关系的比较研究

在1945 -1975年期间的所谓资本主义的黄金时代,典型资本主义社会的劳动关系各具特色,而且总体是协调的,劳资双方在妥协基础上达到了平衡,形成了劳资两利的双赢格局.随着世界经济一体化的不断深入,各个国家的劳动关系产生了柔性化的趋同倾向.趋同确实发生,但模式多样性持续存在并且在现代全球经济中依然重要.对于中国而言,在尊重市场原则的基础上,不迷信市场,充分重视制度作用和历史传承才是解决中国劳动关系问题的关键.     

Different methodologies in the assessment of identity: Congruence between self-report and interview techniques?

Convergent-divergent validity and reliability estimates for clinical interview and self-report measures of ego identity were obtained. Twenty-three males and 25 females completed an extended version of the Ego Identity Interview [H. D. Grotevant, W. Thorebecke, and M. C. Meyer (1982) An Extension of Marcia's Identity Status Interview into the Interpersonal Domain,Journal of Youth and Adolescence 11: 33–48] and the extended version of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status [H. D. Grotevant and G. R. Adams (1984) Development of an Objective Measure to Assess Ego-Identity in Adolescence: Validation and Replication,Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 13: 419–438]. While the two measures were expected to converge, little convergence was observed. The findings suggest that the two measures may be (a) assessing relatively distinct forms of ego identity, or (b) that the ego-identity construct as measured by the process (exploration) and outcome (commitment) dimensions needs further theoretical examination.Partial support for this project was provided through fundings to the second author from the Utah State Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah. This paper was presented earlier in a symposium titled Identity Development from Adolescence to Adulthood at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Child Development, Toronto, Canada, April 1985.Received M.S degree in Psychology from Utah State University. Research interests include identity development and social relations.Received Ph.D. from the Pennsylvania State University in 1975. Research interests include personality and social development in adolescence, family psychology, and research methodology.     

Relationships Between Cognitive Strategies of Adolescents and Depressive Symptomatology Across Different Types of Life Event

The objective of the present study was to examine relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptomatology across different types of life event. A sample of 138 secondary school students filled out a questionnaire. They were asked to indicate their most negative life event ever. On the basis of their answers, 3 types of negative life event were distinguished: loss, health threat, and relational stress experience. No relationship was found between type of negative life event and depressive symptomatology. Significant relationships were found between type of negative life event and the cognitive strategies self-blame and other-blame. Adolescents with a health threat experience scored higher on self-blame, while adolescents with a relational stress event scored higher on other-blame than the other groups. Significant relationships were also found between depressive symptomatology and the cognitive strategies self-blame, rumination, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, and catastrophizing. No interaction effects were found between type of negative life event and cognitive strategies, suggesting that relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptomatology are consistent across different types of life event.     

Comparing Different Sequential Mediational Interpretations of Beck’s Cognitive Model of Depression in Adolescents

Depression is a developmental phenomenon with significantly increasing rates during adolescence. As Beck’s cognitive model of depression has been commonly accepted to explain the development and maintenance of depression, it is crucial to understand how and when cognitive vulnerabilities predicted in this model begin to interact. Three sequential interpretations of this model were compared. The causal mediational interpretation identifies dysfunctional attitudes as most distal to depressive symptoms, followed by cognitive errors, cognitive triad, and negative automatic thoughts, with each construct successively more proximal to depressive symptoms. In the symptom model the causal chain is reversed, with depressive symptoms as the most distal construct, followed by negative automatic thoughts, the cognitive triad, cognitive errors, and then dysfunctional attitudes. The bidirectional model merges both interpretations in which the activation of cognitive constructs causes the development of depressive symptoms which in turn trigger and reinforce already existing dysfunctional attitudes. Further, while Beck’s model of depression proposes full mediation, empirical studies identified repeatedly partial mediations. Thus, the causal meditational, the symptoms, and the bidirectional model were each tested as full and partial mediation models. Finally, sex differences in the associations between variables were studied. In the 3-wave longitudinal study, 518 high school students (62.7 % female, average age: 15.09 years) completed questionnaires measuring all mentioned elements of Beck’s model. The bidirectional model with partial mediation fits the data best. Cognitive errors emerged as the main mediator in the bidirectional model with partial mediation and significant sex differences in the strengths of associations were identified. The findings demonstrate the relevance of adolescence as developmental period during which the examined associations develop into the network they form in adulthood. Further, psychological interventions focusing on cognitive errors promise to be most effective.     

Adolescents’ Mental Health Outcomes According to Different Types of Exposure to Ongoing Terror Attacks

This study investigates the impact of several types of exposure to terror attacks on adolescents’ psychological outcomes in the context of ongoing terror. A total of 913 adolescents (51% girls) aged 12 to 18 years (12–13.6 = 33%; 13.7–15.6 = 38%; 15.7–18 = 28%) took part in the study. Detailed data were collected concerning objective, subjective and “mixed” types of exposure to terror, as well as demographics, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), emotional and behavioral problems and overall psychological and psychiatric difficulties. Subjective exposure was found to be the most important contributor to adolescents’ post-traumatic stress and other mental health problems in this context. Gender also had important effects. The effects of objective and mixed types of exposure, as well as age, were less prominent. We did find, however, that the more adolescents consulted media, the less they experienced behavioral and emotional problems. Given that subjective experiences appear to be the best factor in explaining mental health outcomes when adolescents are confronted with persistent terror, the cognitive and emotional dynamics along with the coping behavior linked to such experiences merit further investigation.

Same Path,Different Purpose: Chopin’s La Folle and Welty's Phoenix Jackson

In her collection of lectures entitled Playing in the Dark (1992), Toni Morrison argues that "[t]he ways in which artists-and the society that bred them-transferred internal conflicts to a 'blank darkness,' to conveniently bound and violently silenced black bodies, is a major theme in American literature" (38). Among other instances, Morrison catalogs works by Cather, Hemingway, and Poe as examples of this transference. Black characters in American literature are not simply studies in blackness, however. Instead, by examining these examples of writing black (i.e., white authors creating black characters) we can learn, surprisingly, a great deal about whiteness, Morrison suggests. Additionally, there is a good deal we can learn about the authors. To wit, Morrison's concern is for "how Africanist personae, narrative, and idiom moved and enriched the text in self-conscious ways, to consider what the engagement meant for the work of the writer's imagination" (16). For my purposes, such an undertaking of looking at the artwork and assessing its reflection of the artist seems quite rich, especially when we consider the undeniably loaded issue of race.