新生代农民工及其市民化研究述评与展望

新生代农民工及其市民化是学界重点关注的问题之一。现有研究内容丰富,研究方法趋于全面,实证调研分析显著增加。然而,有关新生代农民工及其市民化的研究也存在不足,研究内容有待进一步拓展,研究方法有待进一步完善。今后应从更广的学科范围、充分利用定性与定量相结合的综合性研究方法研究新生代农民工问题,研究重点包括:结合新生代农民工融入城市的宏观背景进行深入、综合性的理论研究;对于新生代农民工相关的现行政策进行评估研究;农民工市民化的战略定位和制度设计的前瞻性、统一性问题研究;新生代农民工与其他群体之间及新生代农民工内部的比较研究。     

城镇化率核算方法的改进——基于农民工市民化的视角

目前城镇化率是以城镇常住人口除以总人口来核算的,这种方法过于简单化,不能全面反映我国城镇化战略推进中的实际情况,尤其从农民工市民化融入的全过程来看,考核城镇化战略的实施效果,研究城镇化的质与量以及核算城镇化率都应该加入就业岗位提供、教育投资占比、公共服务与社保覆盖率等内容。     

新生代农民工市民化研究综述

关于新生代农民工市民化的研究取得了可喜的成果,但也存在一定的缺憾,需要结合时代发展和现实要求进行更为深入细致的研究。既要针对新生代农民工内部的亚群体进行比较研究,又要融合政治学、社会学的比较优势,进行跨学科的综合性研究。     

土地制度改革:农民工市民化的“助推器”

农民工市民化的核心条件是具备市民化能力,市民化能力反映的是农民工的收入水平,农民工收入主要包括工资性收入和财产性收入。目前能够带给农民工财产性收入的只有承包地、宅基地和房屋,但承包地、宅基地和房屋的所有权、收益权和处置权存在很多制度性缺陷,最核心的缺陷是产权模糊,权属关系不清,农民工的财产性收入难以得到充分实现。必须加快土地制度改革,完善土地产权制度,赋予农民工农地产权主体地位,切实提高财产性收入,为实现农民工市民化提供资金支持。     

农村出口、城市入口、社会融合 —— 一个分析农民工市民化瓶颈与出口的结构框架

借助全面深化改革的战略部署和目标要求,聚焦农村出口、城市入口、社会融合三个环节中存在的瓶颈问题,以创新户籍制度为关键、实现公共服务均等化为基础,在分类递进的方式上以提升农民工综合竞争力为内生力量,多角度探寻加速农民工市民化进程的有效出口。     

新生代农民工市民化之政府责任初探

新生代农民工作为农民工群体的主体和生力军,已经成为了现代化建设的重要力量,其市民化问题也是我国城市化战略的重要一环。目前,新生代农民工面临着收入低、就业难、治病贵等一系列问题,因而政府作为城市治理主导者,应该在解决新生代农民工问题上负起应有的责任,发挥该有的作用,积极深化制度改革,转变管理模式,更好地促进新生代农民工市民化进程。     

城镇化进程与农民工市民化成本核算

农民工市民化是城镇化进程中的必然要求,核算农民工市民化的社会成本有利于更好地推进城镇化战略。按照农民工个体向某一个城市转移的核算原则,建构包括个人生活支出和公共服务支出两部分的农民工市民化社会成本核算模型。根据此核算模型,结合分布地域、城市类型,选取五组十座城市进行核算,对核算结果做出比较分析发现,农民工市民化将会呈现阶梯式进展过程,中央和地方各级政府将在其中承担更多的成本支出。     

"新生代农民工"市民化进程中工会的职责作用研究

新生代农民工的市民化是一个长期而艰巨的过程,需要各级党政机关和社会各界的高度重视和共同努力.其中,工会作为代表和维护新生代农民工合法权益的正式组织,可以促进新生代农民工市民权利的获得,可以从生活方式、价值观念、行为模式、社会角色等方面帮助其完成由农民向市民的转化,可以为新生代农民工市民化创造良好的社会氛围和接纳环境.     

就业稳定性、市民化意愿与农民工消费

采用广东省 2740 份农民工调查数据，分析了农民工的稳定就业促进市民化意愿增强，进而增加 其消费的作用机理，并探讨了城市差异对其影响。研究结果显示，就业稳定性对农民工消费有着显著的正向影 响，并存在以市民化意愿为中介变量的中介效应。进一步研究发现，存在被城市差异调节的市民化意愿中介效应。 在非一线城市，市民化意愿的中介效应显著存在。而在一线城市，市民化意愿的中介效应则不存在，即一线城 市中就业稳定性并不能促进农民工的市民化意愿。因此，提升农民工的就业稳定性，在制定和实施差别落户政 策中应该对农民工开放更多机会，对促进农民工的市民化与消费至关重要。     

"工会理论创新研讨会"发言摘登

2006年5月10日,中共中央政治局委员、全国人大常委会副委员长、中华全国总工会主席王兆国在全国工会领导干部高级研讨班上做了《坚持以理论创新推动工会工作创新》的重要讲话。全面阐述了新形势下加强工会理论研究的重要性,进一步明确了当前必须重点研究和探索的重大理论和现实问题,着重强调了加强工会理论研究必须把握的重要原则,对加强工会理论研究与创新具有重要指导意义。为了深刻学习领会讲话精神,我院工会理论研究所于6月20日召开了工会理论创新研讨会,北京市总工会党组副书记、副主席侯小丽到会并就工会理论研究要与实际工作紧密结合发表讲话,全国总工会研究室有关处室的领导参加会议,并对与会发言做了点评。现将工会理论研究所研究人员的发言稿(以发言先后为序)摘登如下,希望引起大家的深入研究和探讨。     

失地农民就业稳定性影响因素研究

失地农民的就业问题是我国城市化进程中不容忽视的问题。研究以“被征地后平均每份工作的 持续时间”作为界定就业稳定性的指标，从微观层面研究失地农民就业稳定性的影响因素。研究发现，在个体 特征方面，年龄、婚姻状况、工作年限对就业稳定性的影响显著，而性别、受教育程度、职业资格证书等级等 的影响则不显著；在岗位特征方面，社会保险、单位类型和所属行业对就业稳定性有显著影响，而岗位类型的 影响则不显著。此外，就业创业培训对失地农民的就业稳定性没有显著影响，而征地补偿金、补偿房屋出租等 征地后收入来源则显著降低失地农民的就业稳定性。     

Chinese migrant factory workers across four decades: shifts in work conditions,urbanization, and family strategies

ABSTRACT

Today about 90 million urban Chinese factory workers are migrant workers from the countryside, comprising the largest and most rapidly expanded industrial working class in history. Before the mid-2000s, these workers from the countryside were employed only temporarily in factories, and almost all were young, very poorly paid and exploited. But as labor shortages have developed and as restrictions against residing in China’s cities have relaxed, they are not as vulnerable as they were in previous decades. More of them are older, married, and have children, and many of them would like to settle on a permanent basis near their workplace with their families. Drawing on three decades of on-site interview research up through November 2018, the authors examine the changes that have occurred and the obstacles – such as the remaining difficulty of obtaining an affordable urban education for their children – that still stand in the way of migrant Chinese families remaining intact and settling permanently in urban areas. As a means of conceptualizing the implications of the shifts in migrant workers’ circumstances, especially for work relations and labor disputes, their evolving situation will be analyzed through the paradigm of Albert O. Hirschman’s concept of Exit vs. Voice.     

Introduction: New directions in agrarian political economy

For four decades, The Journal of Peasant Studies (JPS) has served as a principal arena for the formation and dissemination of cutting-edge research and theory. It is globally renowned as a key site for documenting and analyzing variegated trajectories of agrarian change across space and time. Over the years, authors have taken new angles as they reinvigorated classic questions and debates about agrarian transition, resource access and rural livelihoods. This introductory essay highlights the four classic themes represented in Volume 1 of the JPS anniversary collection: land and resource dispossession, the financialization of food and agriculture, vulnerability and marginalization, and the blurring of the rural-urban relations through hybrid livelihoods. Contributors show both how new iterations of long-evident processes continue to catch peasants and smallholders in the crosshairs of crises and how many manage to face these challenges, developing new sources and sites of livelihood production.     

Grounds for self-government? Changes in land ownership and democratic participation in Chinese communities

Do variations in land ownership affect people’s democratic participation? Quantitative, cross-country research on this topic suffers from the non-comparability of regulatory systems and cultures, and the use of crude indicators to identify participation. This study attempts to overcome these methodological problems, by employing indicators of procedural and substantive participation in a structured, diachronic comparison of qualitative data from five sites in China – an authoritarian state, which, however, requires residents of urban communities and villages to participate in ‘self-government’. It examines whether and why changing land from collective ownership to state ownership, and residents’ compensated acquisition of cash and secure, fungible assets, strengthens or weakens participation in self-government. In the research sites, collective land ownership is found to stimulate participation in self-government. Transformation of the land to state ownership and people’s acquisition of private property weakens participation. The robust results of the study support the direction of a causal argument that collective land ownership is conducive to democratic participation. These findings imply that scholars and policymakers should consider the potentially adverse political consequences of changing land ownership. A further implication is that, absent substantial political reform, an urbanized China might be less rather than more democratic at the community level.     

"二世祖"现象--社会失范与文化分析

从一定意义上来说,"二世祖"现象是中国社会转型和社会规范的必然结果.所谓"二世祖"就是一个在物质生活上表现出非生产性、寄生性以及在精神生活上缺少寄托的具有双重性、边缘性特征的年轻群体."二世祖"群体所代表的是一种不健康的亚文化,其本身体现着匮乏文化和文化的缺乏.     

中国城镇化长期趋势研究

城镇化决定着城乡劳动力市场的供给，对社会经济有重要影响。研究提出了无农村经济联系城 镇化率、基于居住地的城镇化率和基于职业的城镇化率的概念，并构建了城镇化经济动力学模型，以预测城镇 化的长期趋势。研究发现：如果存在城乡收入差距，则城镇化将持续；如果城乡收入差距较大，则城镇化进程 加快；如果城乡收入实现了均等化，则城镇化终止，这时所实现的城镇化就是长期的城镇化。研究使用中国、 美国、日本和韩国的数据验证了这一分析。研究认为，要提高我国城镇化的速度和质量，就要对相关制度进行 改革，使农业以自耕农的规模经营为主，让离开农村的城镇居民脱离与农村的经济联系。     

Hukou and land: market reform and rural displacement in China

Scholarship about the Chinese hukou (household registration) system has focused on the advantages and entitlements associated with urban hukou. This paper shifts attention to the key entitlement provided by rural hukou – village land. While early hukou reforms were mainly designed to open up urban labor markets to rural migrants, recent reforms have also begun to open up rural land markets, by replacing hukou-based land rights with market-based rights. These reforms are designed to facilitate land concentration and the transfer of land to outside developers and agribusiness companies, which has been hindered by hukou-based land rights. Underlying the reforms is the government's agenda of promoting large-scale agriculture and urbanization, both of which require the removal of a large portion of the rural population from the land. By focusing on land rights rather than urban benefits, this paper provides a new perspective on the evolution of the hukou system, and highlights the negative implications of recent reforms for livelihood security in the countryside.     

结构性变动对劳动生产率的影响：模型与实证

结构性改革的重点是通过经济结构变动、调整和优化,在市场配置的基础上充分促进劳动力流动,让低效率部门劳动力充分向高效率部门流动,从而激发劳动者的生产积极性,促进劳动生产率增长。因此,理论上两部门结构性效率差异模型分析了高效率部门和低效率部门之间劳动力流动对于激发劳动者积极性、提升劳动生产率的影响。在此基础上,使用1978-2017年城乡结构、产业结构、所有制结构、区域结构等年度时间序列数据,分析各自对于劳动生产率变动的影响。计量结果表明,在各种结构性变动因素影响劳动生产率的作用中,按照大小顺序依次是城市化、区域经济适度均衡并允许有条件区域加快发展、市场化和产业结构优化。因此,要通过有效促进城镇化、发达区域经济适度领先发展、市场化和产业结构高度化,来提高劳动生产率。     

基于扩充化推拉理论的农村劳动力转移影响因素分析

自改革开放以来,农村劳动力转移为中国经济增长贡献了重要力量,但近年来愈演愈烈的"民工荒"现象也反映出农村劳动力转移后劲不足的问题。因此,分析农村劳动力转移的影响因素,为农村劳动力转移扫除路径障碍具有重要的现实意义。基于扩充化的推拉理论,可将农村劳动力转移的影响因素划分为源自农村的推力、源自城镇的拉力和源自制度的摩擦力等三个方面,据此使用最小二乘法(OLS)和Praise-Winsten AR(1)方法进行计量回归,实证结果表明:农村收入水平提升、农业生产力水平提升、农地资源水平下降构成了源自农村的推力;城镇收入水平提升、非农化水平提升、城镇基础设施水平提升构成了源自城镇的拉力;但以劳动力价格扭曲为表现的制度摩擦力,也对农村劳动力转移产生了显著的阻碍。