Democratization and European standards of National minority protection: Polish issues

This article considers how a nationally homogeneous state in East‐Central Europe, Poland, which in this respect is comparable to Hungary and the Czech Republic, has responded to a major post‐1989 challenge – that of meeting European standards of national minority protection within a civic‐territorial model of democracy. The forced assimilation and repression of such minorities as the Ukrainians and the Belarusans in prewar and communist Poland is now being handled within a common pan‐European perspective; this offers a model for the resolution of ethnic‐communal conflicts in the remainder of the highly differentiated post‐communist space. Although Poland's national minorities are now very small, historical memories of bad integral nationalist practice has induced post‐1989 governments to allay external criticism of alleged ethno‐nationalism by meeting European standards in this area as a key step towards eventual EU membership. The dual identity, linguistic, cultural and autonomy‐seeking characteristics of its currently non‐state‐destroying (that is, non‐secessionist) minorities points to comparisons with such groups as the Welsh or the Bretons. It argues for the redefinition of ‘normal’ as against more publicized aggressive forms of East European nationalism.     

Unintended Consequences of EU Democracy Support in the European Neighbourhood

ABSTRACT

The European Union’s (EU) impact on the political governance of the European neighbourhood is varied and sometimes opposite to the declared objectives of its democracy support policies. The democracy promotion literature has to a large extent neglected the unintended consequences of EU democracy support in Eastern Europe and the Middle East and North Africa. The EU has left multiple imprints on the political trajectories of the countries in the neighbourhood and yet the dominant explanation, highlighting the EU’s security and economic interests in the two regions,cannot fully account for the unintended consequences of its policies. The literature on the ‘pathologies’ of international organisations offers an explanation, emphasizing the failures of the EU bureaucracy to anticipate, prevent or reverse the undesired effects of its democracy support in the neighbourhood.     

Political and economic issues within the alliance: The future of Burden‐sharing and the Southern region

Annuario 1999: la costituzione europea : atti del XIV Convegno Annuale, Perugia 7–8–9‐ ottobre 1999 / Associazione italiana dei costituzionalisti. ‐ Padova : Cedam, c2000. ‐ XXXII, 633 p. ‐ ISBN 88–13–22621–7

La constitution de I'Europe / edité par Paul Magnette. ‐ Bruxelles : Editions de I'U‐niversité de Bruxelles, c2000. ‐ 201 p. ‐ ISBN 2–8004–1245–3

Europe's first constitution : the European Political Community, 1952–1954 / Richard T. Griffiths. ‐ London : Federal trust, c2000. ‐ 275 p. ‐ ISBN 1–903403–21–9

Consolidation of democracy in Africa : a view from the South / edited by Hussein Solomon, Ian Liebenberg. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2000. ‐ xii, 367 p. ‐ (The making of modern Africa). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1174–4

The dissolution of Yugoslavia and the Badinter Arbitration Commission : a contextual study of peace‐making efforts in the post‐Cold War world / Steve Terrett. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2000. ‐ xxii, 395 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–2102–2

Europe and the breakup of Yugoslavia : a political failure in search of a scholarly explanation / Sonia Lucarelli. ‐ The Hague : Kluwer Law International, c2000. ‐ xvi, 278 p. ‐ ISBN 90–411–1439–4

Evolution and devolution : the dynamics of sovereignty and security in post‐Cold War Europe / Tom Lansford. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2000. ‐ viii, 242 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1255–4

Funding virtue : civil society aid and democracy promotion / Marina Ottaway, Thomas Carothers, editors. ‐ Washington : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, c2000. ‐ x, 340 p. ‐ ISBN 0–87003–178–3 (pbk)

The third force : the rise of transnational civil society / Ann M. Florini, editor. ‐ Tokyo : Japan Center for International Exchange ; Washington : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, c2000. ‐ viii, 295 p. ‐ ISBN 0–87003–179–1 (pbk)

The geostrategic triad: living with China, Europe, and Russia / Zbigniew Brzezin‐ski. ‐ Washington : CSIS, c2000. ‐ XII, 75 p. ‐ (Significant issues ; v.23, n.1). ‐ ISBN 0–89206–384‐X

Islam and European legal systems / edited by Silvio Ferrari, Anthony Bradney. ‐Aldershot: Ashgate, c2000. ‐ x, 203 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–466–1

The nuclear challenge : US‐Russian strategic relations after the Cold War / Christoph Bluth. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2000. ‐ viii, 190 p. ‐ ISBN 1–85521–896–8

The politics of British arms sales since 1964 : ‘to secure our rightful share’ / Mark Phythian. ‐ Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2000. ‐ xii, 340 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5907–0

The role of small states in the European Union / ’Baldur Thorhallsson. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2000. ‐ x, 252 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1423–9.

South American Free Trade Area or Free Trade Area of the Americas?: open regionalism and the future of regional economic integration in South America / Mario Esteban Carranza. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2000. ‐ xiv, 245 p. ‐ (The political economy of Latin Amrica). ‐ ISBN 1–84014–795–4

Taiwan's security in the post‐Deng Xiaoping era / Martin L. Lasater, Peter Kien‐hong Yu; with contributions from Kuang‐ming Hsu and Robyn Lim. ‐ London : Frank Cass, 2000. ‐ xii, 355 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7146–5083–8

Taiwan Strait dilemmas : China‐Taiwan‐U.S. policies in the new century / edited by Gerrit W. Gong. ‐ Washington : The CSIS Press, c2000. ‐ XVIII, 174 p. ‐ (Significant issues ; v.22, n.1). ‐ ISBN 0–89206–363–7     

Exporting democracy: German political foundations in Central‐East Europe

In the liberal political tradition, representative government, civil society and some form of market are widely regarded as indispensable ingredients of democracy. The first two are essentially ‘home grown’, embedded in the enduring, albeit not immutable, political culture of a given society if they are to have substance as well as form. None the less, western democracies have been actively engaged in transplanting organizations to bolster civil society, along with political institutions, constitutions, and legal codes to Central‐East Europe (CEE) since 1989 as part of their democratization assistance.

This article examines if, and how, external assistance can intervene constructively to promote the development of democracy. A brief discussion of western assumptions about post‐communist society in CEE is followed by a review of the roles assigned to culture and institutions in the transition literature which undergird these assumptions. The comparative cultural advantages of the United States and Germany ‐ the two primary western actors in the region ‐ are outlined, coupled with a more detailed examination of German political foundation engagement in CEE.

The German political foundations were selected to anchor the study empirically because in terms of method and strategy, resources and level of engagement, they do everything right according to studies critical of western democratization assistance. In addition, their home political culture is very similar to that of the host societies in CEE. In short, their operational conditions present a best case scenario.

None the less, the study shows that in some of their highest priority, politically motivated projects, the foundations have not made much of an impression on the CEE landscape. New parties and labour unions they supported have failed or are terminally ill. Many new non‐governmental organizations have been set up but their sustainability is open to question. Projecting donor preferences onto CEE is integral to the problem. The greatest risk is to fabricate the appearance of deep‐rooted democracy by focusing on form at the expense of content. The proliferation of parties and nongovernmental organizations per se tells us little about their ability to integrate the public actively and constructively into the new systems.     

IAI Library notes

Building bridges : an Egypt‐U.S. free trade agreement / Ahmed Galal and Robert Z. Lawrence, editors. ‐Washington : Brookings Institution Press, c1998. ‐x, 121 p. ‐ ISBN 0–8157–3030–6

The burden of collective goodwill: the international involvement in the Liberian Civil War / Abiodun Alao. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xiv, 226 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–318–5

La crisi albanese del 1997: l'azione dell'ltalia e delle organizzazioni internazion‐ali: verso un nuovo modello di gestione delle crisi? / a cura di Andrea de Guttry e Fabrizio Pagani. ‐ Milano : Franco Angeli, c1999. ‐ 349 p. ‐ ISBN 88–464–1454–3

Dal mercato unico alla moneta unica : le politiche di integrazione dell'Unione Euro‐pea / Umberto Triulzi; prefazione di Lamberto Dini. ‐ Formello : SEAM, 1999. ‐ 848 p. ‐ (Sviluppo e competenze). ‐ ISBN 88–8179–215‐X

Democracy and development: allies or adversaries? / R.C. Bhardwaj, K. Vijayakrishnan. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xii, 222 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–033‐X

The economics of European integration : theory, practice, policy / Willem Molle. ‐3.ed. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1997. ‐ xiv, 570 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–035–6 (pbk)

Europe: rethinking the boundaries / edited by Philomena Murray and Leslie Holmes. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xii, 179 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–003–8

Germany, Europe and the persistence of nations : transformation, interests and identity, 1989–1996 / Stephen Wood. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ x, 381 p. ‐ISBN 1–84014–444–0

The legislator: German parliament as a centre of political decision‐making / Klaus von Beyme. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c1998. ‐ x, 207 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–433–5

Memories of Europe's future: farewell to yesteryear / Simon Serfaty. ‐ Washington D.C. : The CSIS Press, c1999. ‐ x, 149 p. ‐ (Significant issues series). ‐ ISBN 0–89206–347–5

Multinational naval cooperation and foreign policy into the 21st century / edited by Fred W. Crickard, Paul T. Mitchell and Katherine Orr. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xxiv, 305 p. ‐ ISBN 1–85521–997–2

Perspectives on development: the Euro‐Mediterranean Partnership / edited by George Joffé. ‐ London : Frank Cass, c1999. ‐ 282 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7146–4939–2

The political economy of transition in central and eastern Europe : the light(s) at the end of the tunnel / edited by Jens Bastian. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xii, 194 p. ‐ ISBN 1–85972–661–5

The plurality of truth: a critique of research on the state and European integration / Hanna Ojanen. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xii, 377 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–402–5

Rethinking the international conflict in communist and post‐communist states: essays in honour of Miklós Molnàr / edited by Renéo Lukic. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xiv, 175 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–476–9

Security, arms control and defence restructuring in East Asia / edited by Bjørn Møller. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ viii, 286 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–006–2

Storia del Kuwait: gli arabi, il petrolio, I'Occidente / Stefano Beltrame. ‐ Padova : CEDAM, c1999. ‐ XIV, 332 p. ‐ (Università degli studi di Padova. Dipartimento di studi internazionali ; 9). ‐ ISBN 88–13–21869–9     

Documentation: The Istituto Affari internazionali's annual report: Activities in 1983

Europe

Controler l'Europe: pouvoirs et responsabilité dans l'Unione européenne/Paul Magnette. ‐ Bruxelles: Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, c2003. ‐ (Etudes européennes). ‐ ISBN 2–8004–1306–9

The EU &; Russia: the promise of partnership/by John Pinder &; Yuri Shishkov. ‐London: The Federal Trust, c2002. ‐153 p.‐ ISBN 1–903–40314–6

The EU &; Ukraine: neighbours, friends, partners?/edited by Ann Lewis. ‐ London: The Federal Trust, c2002. ‐ 319 p. ‐ISBN 1–903403–18–9

Fifteen into one?: the European Union and its member states/edited by Wolfgang Wessels, Andreas Maurer and Jürgen Mittag. ‐ Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2003. ‐ (European policy research unit series). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5849‐X

Multinational corporations and European regional systems of innovation /John Cantwell and Simona lammarino. ‐London: Routledge, c2003. ‐ xvi, 199 p. ‐ (Studies in global competition; v.18) ‐ ISBN 0–415–27140–1

The politics today companion to West European politics/Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood. ‐ Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2003. ‐viii, 194 p. ‐ (Politics today). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5421–4 (pbk)

Transatlantic relations

Agricultural policy reform: politics and process in the EU and US in the 1990s/Wayne Moyer, Tim Josling. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2002. ‐ xvi, 271 p. ‐ (Global environmental governance series). ‐ISBN 0–7546–3050–1

The future oj the transatlantic defense community: final report of the CSIS Commission on Transatlantic Security and Industrial Cooperation in the Twenty‐first Century/Simon Serfaty... [et al.]. ‐ Washington: CSIS Press, c2003. ‐ XIV, 74 p. ‐(CSIS panel report). ‐ ISBN 0–89206–425–0

Hegemonic globalisation: U.S. centrality and global strategy in the emerging world order/Thanh Duong. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2002. ‐ xiv, 366 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3013–7

The United States and Europe: policy imperative in a globalizing world/edited by Howard M. Hensel. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2002. ‐ xii, 257 p. ‐ (Global interdisciplinary studes series). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3319–5

Middle East/Arab countries

Arab development challenges of the new millennium/edited by Belkacem Laabas. ‐Aldershot: Ashgate, c2002. ‐ x, 500 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1869–2

Diplomacy in the Middle East: the international relations of regional and outside powers/edited by L. Carl Brown. ‐ London: I.B.Tauris, c2001 [reprint 2003]. ‐ xx, 365 p. ‐ (The library of international relations). ‐ ISBN 186064–640–9

Iraq's military capabilities in 2002: a dynamic net assessment/Anthony H. Cordesman. ‐ Washington: CSIS Press, September 2002. ‐ viii, 100 p. ‐ (CSIS Report). ‐ ISBN 0–89206–416–1

Redefining security in the Middle East/edited by Tami Amanda Jacoby and Brent E. Sasley. ‐ Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2002. ‐ xii, 176 p. ‐(New approaches to conflict analysis). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–6233–0     

Enlargement as a factor accelerating the transformation of the European community

Think tanks

Think tank traditions policy research and the Politics oj ideas / edited by Diane Stone and Andrew Denham. ‐ Manchester : Manchester University Press, c2004. ‐xiv, 322 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7190–6479–1 (pbk)

International finance

Democratizing Global Governance / edited by Esref Aksu and Joseph A. Camilleri. ‐Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, c2002. ‐ xx, 306 p. ‐ ISBN 0–333–97123‐X (pbk)

Financial stability and growth in emerging economies : the role of the financial sector / edited by Jan Joost Teunissen and Mark Teunissen. ‐ The Hague : FON‐DAD, c2003. ‐ xvi, 281 p. ‐ ISBN 90–74208–21–5

Foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern Europe / edited by Svetla Trifonova Marinova, Marin Alexandrov Marinov.‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2003. ‐ xii, 339 p. ‐ (Transition and development). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3026–9

Restructuring sovereign debt the case of ad hoc machinery / Lex Rieffel. ‐ Washington D.C. : Brookings Institutution Press, c2003

Sustaining global growth and development : G 7 and IMF governance / edited by Michele Fratianni, Paolo Savona, John J. Kirton. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2003. ‐ xxiv, 339 p. ‐ (Gobal finance series). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3529–5

Turbulent waters : cross‐border finance and international governance / Ralph C. Bryant. ‐ Washington, D.C. : Brookings Institution Press, c2003. ‐xvi, 503 p. ‐ ISBN 0–8157–0071–7

European Union

L'Europa e il mondo : la politico estera, di sicurezza e di difesa europea / Marco Clementi. ‐ Bologna : il Mulino, c2004. ‐ 222 p. ‐ (Contemporanea ; 148). ‐ISBN 88–15–09620–5

L'Europe des commissaires : réflexions sur l'identité européenne des Traités de Rome au Traité d'Amsterdam / par Bertrand Rochard. ‐Bruxelles : Etablissements Emile Bruylant, 2003. ‐ xiv, 503 p. ‐(Organisation internationale et relations internationales ; 55 ).‐ ISBN 2–8027–1723–5

The European finality debate and its national dimensions / edited by Simon Serfaty. ‐Washington: The CSIS Press, c2003. ‐xiv, 297 p. ‐ (Significant issues series).‐ ISBN 0–89206–427–7

The European Union, Mercosul and the new world order / editors Helio Jaguaribe, Alvaro de Vasconcelos. ‐ London : Frank Cass, c2003. ‐ xx, 247 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7146–8338–8

Multi‐level governance and institutional change : the Europeanization of regional policy in Italy / Enrico Gualini. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2004. ‐ (Urban and regional planning and development). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3626–7     

Cooperation vs competitiveness in current international economic policymaking

Contemporary Greece and Europe / edited by Achilleas Mitsos and Elias Mossialos. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2000. ‐ x, 482 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–728–8

Diritti umani e sicurezza regionale : il sistema europeo / Angela Di Stasi. ‐ Napoli: Editoriale Scientifica, c2000. ‐ XII, 291 p. ‐ (Collana di studi e documenti di diritto internazionale e comunitario ; 24). ‐ ISBN 88–87293–70–8

The EU Charter of fundamental rights : text and commentaries / edited by Kim Feus. ‐ London : Federal Trust, c2000. ‐ 268 p. ‐ (Constitution for Europe ; 1). ‐ISBN 1–903403–04–9

Human rights in Europe : a study of the European convention on human rights / J.G. Merrills, A.H. Robertson. ‐ 4.ed. ‐ New York : Juris Publishing ; Manchester : Manchester University Press, c2001. ‐ xxii, 362 p. ‐ (Melland Schill studies in international law). ‐ ISBN 1–929446–09–8. ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5837–6

Rewriting rights in Europe / edited by Linda Hancock, Carolyn O'Brien. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2000. ‐ xviii, 221 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–2002–6

Britain in the European Union today / Colin Pilkington. ‐ 2.ed. ‐ Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2001. ‐ xvi, 234 p. ‐ (Politics today). ‐ ISBN 0.7190–5791–4

The rules of integration: institutionalist approaches to the study of Europe / edited by Gerald Schneider and Mark Aspinwall. ‐ Manchester : Manchester University Press, c2001. ‐ xii, 217 p.‐ (European Policy Research Unit Series). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5799‐X

The European Union‐Maghrebian dialogue : echoes of disappointments past / William H. Lewis. ‐ Washington : CSIS, 2001. ‐ viii, 63 p. ‐ (CSIS Report). ‐ ISBN 0–89206–385–8

Germany and European order: enlarging NATO and the EU / Adrian Hyde‐Price. ‐Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2000. ‐ xviii, 270 p. ‐ (Issues in German politics). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5428–1

Global political economy : understanding the international economic order / Robert Gilpin with the assistance of Jean M. Gilpin. ‐ Princeton : Princeton University Press, c2001. ‐ xii, 423 p. ‐ ISBN 0–691–08676–1

Hang separately : cooperative security between the United States and Russia, 1985–1994 / by Leon V. Sigal. ‐ New York : The Century Foundation Press, 2000. ‐xii, 397 p. ‐ ISBN 0–87078–450–1

The international relations of the Middle East in the 21st century: patterns of continuity and change / edited by Tareq Y. Ismael. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2000. ‐ xviii, 400 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1506–5

The new millennium: challenges and strategies for a globalizing world / edited by Sai Felicia Krishna‐Hensel. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2000. ‐ xiv, 329 p. ‐ (Global interdisciplinary studies series). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1391–7     

Do it yourself: The national approach to the out‐of‐area question

European Union: Identity and international role

Birthmarks of Europe: the origins oj the European Community reconsidered / Edelgard Mahant. ‐ Ashgate : Aldershot, c2004. ‐ISBN 0–7546–1487–5

EU trade strategies : between regionalism and globalism I edited by Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty. ‐ Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, c2004. ‐ xiv, 249 p. ‐ ISBN 1–4039–3258–1 (pbk)

L'Europa potenza civile / Mario Telò. ‐ Bari : Laterza, c2004. ‐ XIV, 261 p. ‐ (Libri del tempo , 358). ‐ ISBN 88420–7258–3

European Union foreign and security policy : towards a neighbourhood strategy / edited by Roland Dannreuther. ‐ London : Routledge, 2004. ‐ xiv, 226 p. ‐ ISBN 0–415–32298–7 (pbk)

Paneuropa : geografia e storia di un'idea / a cura di Gianfranco Lizza; Sergio Balanzino [et al.]. ‐ Torino : UTET, C2004. ‐ x, 230 p. ‐ ISBN 88–7750–894–9

The politics of European security / edited by Jess Pligaard. ‐ Copenhagen : Danish Institute for International Studies, C2004. ‐ 198 p. ‐ ISBN 87–7605–015–7

Who are the Europeans now? I Edward Moxon‐Browne. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2004. ‐ viii, 202 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–429–7

China

China's role in Asia and the world economy .‐ fostering stability and growth / edited by Jan Joost Teunissen. ‐ The Hague .‐ FON‐DAD, 2003. ‐ xvi, 98 p. ‐ ISBN 90–74208–22–3

Integrating China into the global economy / Nicholas R. Lardy. ‐ Washington, D.C. : Brookings Institution Press, c2002. ‐xii, 244 p. ‐ ISBN 0–81–57–5136–2     

An elusive transition: The slow motion demise of authoritarian dominant party rule in Mexico

Mexico's authoritarian dominant party regime is a curious hybrid.¹ The 1917 Constitution is an advanced liberal charter and some basic rules of political procedure ‐ such as the fixed timetable for federal elections and the no re‐election rule ‐ are strongly institutionalised. Yet for over 60 years the regime was also clearly authoritarian, deriving its legitimacy from the revolution rather than the electorate. This article analyses the sui generis nature of the Mexican authoritarian regime, tracing the way formal constitutional rules were supplemented (or displaced) by a coherent and relatively flexible set of informal understandings perpetuating one party dominance. It counterposes these country‐specific characteristics to comparative accounts of how authoritarian regimes ‘break down’, or introduce a ‘political liberalization’ which perhaps opens the way to a ‘transition’ to democracy. Under each of these headings Mexican reality demands significant adaptations to the standard account. During 1994 Mexico underwent severe upheavals without a ‘breakdown’ of the regime. Instead the 1994 presidential election provided a reasonably authentic electoral mandate to the current administration ‐ and yet the process of ‘transition’ to democracy in Mexico remains elusive. This article uses the current Mexican process to probe the scope and limitations of the comparative democratization literature.     

The bush doctrine and the UN charter frame

Restless Europe? European Identity after the Iraq War and the Constitutional Referenda

Free World: Why a crisis of the West reveals the opportunity of our time / Timothy Garton Ash. ‐ London : Penguin Books, 2005. ‐256 p. ‐ISBN 0141016817

Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Relations after the Iraq War / Daniel Levy, Max Pensky and John Torpey (eds). ‐ London : Verso, 2005. ‐ 256 p. ‐ ISBN 1 ‐84467–018‐X

Europe: An Unfinished Adventure / Zygmunt Bauman. ‐ Cambridge and Maiden : Polity, 2004. ‐ 152 p. ‐ (Themes for the 21st century). ‐ ISBN 0745634028

Between sovereignty and compliance: A nuclear strategy for the 21st century

Universal compliance : a strategy for nuclear security / George Perkovich... [et al.]. ‐Washington D.C. : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, c2005. ‐ 220 p.     

Eisenhower's disarmament dilemma: From chance for peace to open skies proposal

President Eisenhower's image as a promoter of ‘peace and nuclear disarmament’ was established through speeches he made such as ‘Atoms for Peace’ (December 1953) and ‘Open Skies’ proposal (July 1955). However, Eisenhower's approach to the subject cannot be grasped without an understanding of his attitude towards the relationship between arms, war and disarmament. As he saw it, not only would the mere existence of nuclear weapons not trigger a war, they were actually the best guarantee against the eruption of a global conflagration. The real threat to world security was the repressive, closed, totalitarian and expansionist Soviet regime. War could be prevented only by a dramatic change in the competing ‐ and threatening ‐ ideology and social structure embedded in the Soviet system. Until then, the existence of nuclear weapons would ensure the free world's safety.     

Article gazette 2520–3619

The European Union and the Constitutional Treaty

Dalla Convenzione alla Costituzione ; rapporto 2005 della Fondazione Istituto Gramsci sul‐l'integrazione europea / a cura di Giuseppe Vacca. ‐ Bari : Dedalo, c2005. ‐ 325 p. ‐ (Nuova biblioteca Dedalo ; 283). ‐ISBN 88–220–6283–3

European foreign policy: from rhetoric to reality? / Dieter Mahncke, Alicia Ambos and Christopher Reynolds, eds.. ‐Bruxelles : P.I.E.‐Peter Lang, c2004. ‐381 p. ‐ (College of Europe studies,‐ 1). ‐ ISBN 90–5201–247–4

European neighbourhood policy : political, economic and social issues / edited by Fulvio Attinà and Rosa Rossi. ‐ Catania: Jean Monnet Centre “Euro‐Med”, 2004. ‐168 p.

European political economy : political science perspectives / Leila Simona Talani. ‐Aldershot : Ashgate, c2004. ‐ xii, 235 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3651–8

European regulatory agencies / Giacinto della Cananea (ed.). ‐ [Paris] : ISUPE Press, 2004. ‐ XX, 219 p.

La Grande Europe / edité par Paul Magnette. ‐ Bruxelles : Editions de L'Université di Bruxelles, c2004. ‐ 403 p. ‐ (Etudes européennes). ‐ ISBN 2–8004–1332–8

Il rilancio dell'Europa : il progetto di Jacques Delors / Claudio Giulio Anta. ‐ Milano : Franco Angeli, c2004. ‐ 250 p. ‐(Collana “Gioele Solari” / Dipartimento di studi politici dell'Università di Torino ; 41). ‐ ISBN 66–464–5549–5

Al servicio de Europa : innovation y crisis en la Comisión Europea / Ángel Viñas. ‐Madrid : Editorial Complutense, c2004. ‐ XXIV, 572 p. ‐ IBN 84–7491–778–6

Storia dell'integrazione europea : dalla guerra fredda alla Costituzione dell'Unione / Bino Olivi, Roberto Santaniello. ‐ Bologna : il Mulino, c2005. ‐ 347 p. ‐ (Le vie della civiltà). ‐ ISBN 88–15–10479–8

Trattato che adotta una costituzione per l'Europa : firmato a Roma il 29 ottobre 2004 / Servizio Affari internazionali del Senato della Repubblica. ‐ Roma : Senato della Repubblica, 2004. ‐ XCII, 510 p.

LA costituzione europea: riflessioni sul contribu‐to italiano / a cura di Francesco Tufarelli. ‐ Roma Philos Edizioni, c2004. ‐ 175 p. ‐ (La cittadinanza europea. Quaderni ; 3). ‐ ISBN 88–86589–43–3

Il progetto di trattato‐costituzione : verso una nuova architettura dell'Unione Europea / a cura di Lucia Serena Rossi. ‐ Milano : Giuffrè Editore, c2004. ‐ XVI, 314 p. ‐ISBN 88–14–10925–7

Un popolo per l'Europa unita : fra dibattito storico e nuove prospettive teoriche e politiche / a cura di Corrado Malandrino. ‐Firenze : Leo S. Olschki editore, 2004. ‐ X, 251 p. ‐ (Fondazione Luigi Einaudi. studi ; 44). ‐ ISBN 88–222–53620

L'Unione Europea tra processo di integrazione e di allargamento / a cura di Giorgio Bosco, Francesco Perfetti, Guido Ravasi. ‐ Milano : Edizioni Nagard, c2004. ‐ 341 p. ‐ (Fondazione europea Dragàn ; 21). ‐ISBN 88–85010–79–2     

Comments (2) on ‘cultural differences in the behavior of terrorists’

This article reviews the development of security policy in Northern Ireland since the outbreak of the current ‘troubles’ in 1969. Following an examination of the three principal categories of actor directly involved on the state side ‐ politicians, civil servants and security agency personnel ‐ the problems accompanying the fust phase of security policy, from 1969 to the mid‐1970s, are discussed. Particular attention is paid to intelligence aspects of the situation. The second part of the paper is devoted to security policy as it has developed since the government's policy review of 1975–76. The re‐emergence of the Royal Ulster Constabulary as the primary security agency is described, together with what is called the ‘Hermonization’ of the force in the 1980s. The development of the police under Sir John Hermon (Chief Constable 1980–89) has reflected three main trends in security policy: Ulsterization, professionalization, and the de‐politicization of the force. The article ends with a consideration of the problems of the co‐ordination and accountability of the security forces, and notes that any purely security strategy in the province is doomed to failure.     

Introduction: negotiating the promotion of democracy

ABSTRACT

This article makes the case for why we should turn to studying democracy promotion negotiation, outlines the research questions guiding this special issue, identifies overarching findings and summarizes the individual contributions. After outlining the rationale for more attention to the issue of negotiation, which we understand as a specific form of interaction between external and local actors in democracy promotion, we outline three basic assumptions informing our research: (1) Democracy promotion is an international practice that is necessarily accompanied by processes of negotiation. (2) These negotiation processes, in turn, have an impact upon the practice and outcome of democracy promotion. (3) For external democracy promotion to be mutually owned and effective, genuine negotiations between ‘promoters’ and ‘local actors’ are indispensable; the term ‘genuine’ here being understood as including a substantial exchange on diverging values and interests. The article, then, introduces the three research questions for this agenda, concerning the issues on the negotiation table, the parameters shaping negotiation processes, and the results of democracy promotion negotiation. We conclude by presenting an overview of the overarching findings of the special issue as well as with brief summaries of the individual contributions.     

The revision of Russian military policy and the military industrial complex

The authority of the: Security Council under chapter VII of the UN Charter : legal limits and the role of the International Court of Justice / by David Schweigman. ‐ The Hague : Kluwer Law International, c2001. ‐ xviii, 354 p. ‐ (Studies and material on the settlement of international disputes ;‐ 8). ‐ISBN 90–411–11641–9

The Bush administration (1989–1993) and the development of a European security identity / Sophie Vanhoonacker. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2001. ‐ xiv, 269 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1664–9

The Europeanisation of national foreign policy : Dutch, Danish and Irish foreign policy in the European Union / Ben Tonra.‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2001. ‐ viii, 305 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1261–9

Germany as a civilian power? The foreign policy of the Berlin Republic / edited by Sebastian Harnisch and Hanns W. Maull. ‐ Manchester : Manchester University Press, c2001. ‐ xii, 179 p. ‐(Issues in German politics. ‐ ISBN 0–7190–6042–7 (pbk)

Hague yearbook of international law / Association of Attenders and Alumni of the Hague. Academy of International Law = Annuaire de La Haye de droit international / Association des auditeurs et anciens auditeurs de l'Academie de droit international de La Haye. ‐ The Hague : M. Nijhoff Publishers, c2001. ‐ xxii, 315 p. ‐ ISBN 90–411–1666–4

The international politics of East Africa / Robert Pinkney. ‐ Manchester : Manchester University Press, c2001. ‐ xii, 242 p. ‐ISBN 0–7190–5616–0 (pbk)

South Africa's multilateral diplomacy and global change : the limits of reformism / edited by Philip Nel, Ian Taylor, Janis Van der Westhuizen. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2001. ‐ xii, 155 p. ‐ (The international political economy of new regionalisms series). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1653–3

The law of arms control international supervision and enforcement / Guido Den Dekker. ‐The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, c2001. ‐ xviii, 404 p. ‐(Developments in international law ; 41).‐ISBN90–411–1624–9

The reform process of the United Nations peace operations debriefing and lessons : report of the 2001 Singapore Conference / The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR, The Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) of Singapore and the Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) ; prepared under the direction of Nassrine Azimi and Chang Lil Lin eds. ‐ The Hague : Kluwer Law International, c2001. ‐ ISBN 90–411–1699–0

Reforming the United Nations‐, the Quiet Revolution / edited by Joachim Müller. ‐The Hague : Kluwer, c2001. ‐ xxii, 946 p.‐ISBN 90–411–1644–3

Regulatory reforms in Italy : a case study of Europeanisation / Dieter Kerwer. ‐Aldershot : Ashgate, c2001. ‐ viii, 224 p.‐ISBN 0–7546–1690–8

Religious minorities, nation states and security: five cases from the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean / Mario Apostolov. ‐Aldershot.‐ Ashgate, c2001. ‐ x, 196 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1677–0

Terrorism and democratic stability /Jennifer S. Holmes. ‐ Manchester : Manchester University Press, c2001. ‐ xiv, 241 p. ‐ (Perspectives on democratization). ‐ISBN 0–7190–5959–3

To prevail: an American strategy for the campaign against terrorism / Kurt M. Campbell and Michèle A. Flournoy. ‐Washington, D.C. : The CSIS Press, C2001. ‐ XIV, 399 p. ‐ ISBN 0–89206–407–2

United Nations sanctions and international law / edited by Vera Gowlland‐Debbas. ‐The Hague : Kluwer Law International, c2001. ‐ xiv, 408 p. ‐ (The Graduate Institute of International Studies ; 1). ‐ISBN 90–411–1603–6

United States economic sanctions: theory and practice / by Michael P. Malloy. ‐ The Hague : Kluwer Law International, c2001. ‐ xxvi, 738 p. ‐ ISBN 90–4118–861–4     

The international macroeconomic picture

Evoluzione dei settori industriali nel 1988 / Confin‐dustria. Centra Studi. ‐ Roma: SIPI, 1989. ‐ 357p. ‐ (Industria italiana). ‐ ISBN 88–7153–051–9.

Guida al 1992 ‐ Roma: Unistampa, 1989. ‐ 4v.

L'idea d'Europa nelpensiero di Altiero Spinelli / Andrea Chiti‐Batelli. ‐ Manduria: Lacaita, copyright 1989. 379p. ‐ (L'ltalia e l'Europa; 15).

Impariamo l'Europa: guida al 1992 / Fabio Cavaz‐za Rossi. ‐ Milano: Fendac Servizio, 1989. ‐ 174p. ‐ (Tempo reale)

1992: Europa senza frontiere? / Pier Virgilio Dasto‐li. ‐ Bologna: il Mulino, copyright 1989. ‐ 179p. ‐(Coritemporanea; 31). ‐ ISBN 88–15–02305–4

Obiettivo Mediterraneo / Piero Baroni. ‐ 2.ed. ‐Trento: L. Reverdito, 1989. ‐ 221p. ISBN 88–342–4047–2.

Perestrojka e ristrutturazione produttiva: esperienze e prospettive economiche in Unione Sovietica e in Italia / edited by Abel G. Aganbegjan ... [et al.]. ‐ Bologna: il Mulino, copyright 1989. ‐ 344p. (Temi e discussioni). ‐ ISBN 88–15–02321–6

La prospettiva euro‐mediterranea: per una cooper‐azione globale nella ‘regione’ del Mediterraneo / Giovanni Bersani. ‐ Bologna: CEFA, [19989]. ‐102p.

I rapporto CSC: progresso tecnico, investimenti e politiche industriali / Confindustria. Centro Studi. ‐ Roma, SIPI, 989. ‐ 95p. (L'industria italiana). ‐ISBN 88–7153–065–9     

US Foreign Policy Decision‐Making during the Clinton Administration

Citizenship and identity in Europe / edited by Leslie Holmes and Philomena Murray. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c1999. ‐ xii, 167 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–002‐X

The enlargement of Europe / Stuart Croft... [et al.]. ‐ Manchester and New York : Manchester University Press, c1999. ‐ XVI, 188 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7190–4971–7 (pbk)

The rebirth of Europe / Elizabeth Pond. ‐ Washington D.C. : Brookings Institution Press, C1999. ‐ xiv, 290 p. ‐ ISBN 0–8157–7157–6

Theory and reform in the European Union / Dimitris N. Chryssochoou... [et al.]. ‐Manchester and New York : Manchester University Press, c1999. ‐ xiv, 174 p. ‐(Europe in change). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–4991–1

The competitive advantage of nations: the case of Turkey : assessing Porter's framework for national advantage / Özlem Öz. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c1999. ‐ xii, 214 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–982–5

Ethnic conflicts and civil society: proposals for a new era in Eastern Europe / edited by Andreas Klinke, Ortwin Renn, Jean‐Paul Lehners. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1997. ‐ XVI, 283 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–455–6 (hbk)

Ethnicity and intra‐state conflict / edited by Håkan Wiberg, Christian P. Scherrer. ‐Aldershot : Ashgate, c1999. ‐ x, 327 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–713‐X

The European Union and Turkey: an anchor/credibility dilemma / Mehmet Ugur. ‐Aldershot: Ashgate, c1999. ‐ xviii, 286 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–443–2

The G7/G8 system : evolution, role and documentation / Peter I. Hajnal; with a contribution by Sian Meikle. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1999. ‐ xvi, 197 p. – ISBN 1–84014–776–8

The G8's role in the new millennium / edited by Michael R. Hodges, John J. Kirton, Joseph P. Daniels. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1999. ‐ xvi, 191 p. – ISBN 1–84014–774–1

Mediatori in armi: l'allargamento della NATO e la politica USA in Europa / Roberto Menotti. ‐ Milano : Guerini e associati, c1999. ‐ 228 p. ‐ (Frontiere). – ISBN 88–7802–996–3

Revolutionary Iran : civil society in the modernization process / Masoud Kamali. ‐Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xx, 318 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–449–1

Russian national interests and the current crisis in Russia / Henry Trofimenko. ‐Aldershot: Ashgate, c1999. ‐ viii, 324 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–405‐X

Serbia under Milosevic : politics in the 1990s / Robert Thomas. ‐ London : Hurst &; Co., C1999. ‐ xx, 443 p. ‐ ISBN 1–85065–367–4 (pbk)

Gli Stati Uniti e l'apertura a sinistra : importanza e limiti della presenza americana in Italia / Leopoldo Nuti. ‐ Bari: Gius. Laterza &; Figli, c1999. ‐ XXIV, 729 p. ‐ ISBN 88–420–5749–5     

Endgame at the Kennedy round: A case study of multilateral economic diplomacy

During the details stage of multilateral economic talks, agreements are usually negotiated using a combination of two methods ‐ compromise on individual issues and tit‐for‐tat exchanges. This article identifies the circumstances in which the the US, EEC and British delegations employed these traditional diplomatic techniques, and assesses the effectiveness of these techniques in forging agreement in the details stage of the Kennedy Round, Providing a detailed account of these talks, the article demonstrates that the negotiating techniques of the American delegation were far more flexible than those of the European and British delegations and that this flexibility was vital to the successful completion of the talks. The article concludes that differences in negotiating technique are best explained by a combination of two factors ‐ the contrasting decision making structures of each negotiating team and the international political context of the negotiations.     

Missing the nuclear boat? British policy and French military nuclear ambitions during the EURATOM foundation negotiations, 1955–56

This paper examines the neglected nuclear dimension of the ‘relaunch’ of Europe at Messina. France favoured British membership of EURATOM and some interests in Britain saw the commercial and diplomatic advantages of Britain's leadership of the European nuclear industry. However, the possibility of a French military nuclear programme and European nuclear proliferation compounded Britain's established reluctance either to participate in European integration or to jeopardize the prospect of Anglo‐American nuclear weapons cooperation. Britain's aversion to using the hypothetical ‘nuclear card’ is a recurrent theme in Anglo‐French diplomacy.