中国对非洲农业援助管理模式的演化与成效(英文)

This article attempts to sort out the evolving process of the management pattern of China’s agricultural aid to Africa to analyze how China’s development experience has been applied to its aid to Africa and how China has been exploring sustainable assistance under the framework of efficient development aid from the perceptive of management of its agricultural assistance to Africa.     

Abe Government's Development Aid Strategy towards the Greater Mekong Subregion

Since 1977 with the application of the Fukuda Doctrine to Southeast Asia,successive Japanese governments have continued a regional strategy of development aid.When Japan's massive aid in the 1980s-1990s transferred Japanese manufacturing to Thailand under the "Flying Geese" paradigm intended to help developing countries catch up with developed ones,it was the major external factor in Thailand's economic take-off and contributed to post-Cold War domestic stability in neighboring Laos,Cambodia and Vietnam.Beneficiaries of Japanese development aid,these countries introduced policies of reform and opening to the outside world.The Greater Mekong Subregional Cooperation Projects supported by Asian Development Bank (ADB) were at the hub of that progress.     

A Comparative Study of China's Foreign Aid

Chinese development assistance is totally different in nature in comparison with the aid offered by the United States and Japan. The U.S. sees its aid as a form of "mercy" to less-developed countries and gives it with numerous conditions attached. Japan seems to mainly use it to pursue commercial interests. By contrast, Chinese aid is, in essence, cooperation and mutual support between developing countries. This fundamental difference helps to explain why Beijing's aid is so different from that of the Western donors.     

Conflicting and Complementary Elements in China and U.S.'s Policy towards Africa

Since the launching of the China-Africa Forum in 2000, the Chinese government has comprehensively strengthened its ties with Africa.China＇s trade, investment, and aid in Africa have been expanding. Africa has been placed at the forefront of national strategy. Also in 2000, President Bill Clinton signed the African Growth and Opportunity Act （AGOA）, increasing America＇s attention towards Africa. Since then, both China and the U.S. have been increasing their trade, investment, and aid in Africa. In 2011, the trade volume between China and Africa reached US$166.3 billion while that between the U.S. and Africa was US$113.2 billion. Unfortunately, China and the U.S. have not sought a cooperative pattern of action in Africa based on complementarity, mutual respect and mutual benefit. Instead, they have accused each other of bad conduct.     

A Norm-Taker or a Norm-Maker？ China＇s ODA in Southeast Asia

As China expands its official development assistance (ODA) in Southeast Asia,is Chinese aid beginning to emulate international norms and practices or instead establishing its own distinct approach to development assistance? This essay argues that China’s socialization into international norms varies with the thickness of the institutional environment. In Cambodia and Laos,China’s aid program shows signs of alignment with international aid practices. At the regional level,however,China is beginning to act more like a norm-maker. Through expanding its financial support for select regional initiatives,Beijing is bolstering its ability to shape the norms and practices of regional developmental institutions. China’s rising ODA in Southeast Asia poses a potential challenge to Australia’s influence in the region,but also provides opportunities for greater diplomatic engagement and cooperation in support of regional development.     

Foreign Aid： The Ideological Differences between China and the West

China’s foreign aid policy differs conspicuously from that of the West both in theory and practice. Given the existence of these fundamental differences, China’s policymakers should thoroughly think through and prepare themselves better for the West’s proposals on international development cooperation.     

Afghanistan from 2012-2014: Is A Successful Transition Possible?

The issue is not whether a successful transition in Afghanistan is possible,it is rather whether some form of meaningful transition is probable-a very different thing.The answer is a modest form of strategic success is still possible,but that it is too soon to know whether it is probable.The Afghan government,the U.S.and its allies,and aid donors have not made enough collective progress to assign a clear level of probability.Equally important,it is too soon to know what level of forces they will maintain in Afghanistan through the end of 2014 and beyond,what levels of military and civil aid they will provide,and what level of success Afghanistan can achieve moving forward.     

RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY IN EVOLUTION

Two Phases of Policy DesigningIn the first days of Russia's independence from the former Soviet Union,itsforeign policy mainly aimed establishing close links with the West,joining inthe ranks of the Western developed countries and getting rid of its economic diffi-culties by depending on massive Western economic aid.It was considered the“only     

The Predicament and Prospect of Current Pakistan- U.S. Relations

Since the September 11 incident, the relations between Pakistan and the United States have been all along hinged on the war on terror. Out of its need in the war on terror, the United States has deemed Pakistan ＂a major non-NATO ally＂ and provided it with quite a big amount of aid and their bilateral relations have been closer than in the early stage of the post-Cold War period. In recent years, however, due to the deepening differences on the issue of war on terror, their bilateral relations have sunk into a predicament. The prospect of Pakistan-U.S. relations under the leadership of the new presidents of the two countries is worth our attention.     

Analysis of the EU's Security-Development Nexus Aid Policy in Africa and Agenda 2063

The EU has provided a large amount of development assistance to Africa for many decades, but it has not been very effective.Particularly afterthe end of the cold war, many internal conflicts broke out in African countries, which had serious impacts on socio-economic development.This prompted the EU to connect development and security issues, and propose that development assistance to Africa should not merely focus on economic growth, but it should also help with post-conflict reconstruction and conflict prevention.It is only by incorporating security issues into development policy that assistance could be made effective and human rights could be protected.These ideas were made a central part of EU aid to Africa.This article attempts to describe the security-development nexus as it relates to the EU' s aid policy to Africa in the 21 st century;analyse the reasons behind this policy change and point out the shortcomings.From this, the paper also looks at how Africa and the EU are working together under the Agenda 2063 framework.     

Challenges and Opportunities in Development Cooperation Between China and Traditional Donors in Africa

Cooperation between China and traditional donors in Africa is a part of new triangular mode of development bringing together three parties:traditional donors,emerging donors,and the beneficiary countries.Traditional donors and emerging donors act together in favor of and in cooperation with beneficiary countries.Triangular development cooperation is an extension of classical North-South and South-South cooperation.As yet,it does not feature prominently in the global development cooperation architecture.China’s emergence as a significant contributor of development aid to Africa,however,has now become a hot topic in China,Africa and the West,and questions are being raised about the way in which China and the traditional donors will engage with each other in Africa.This article argues that while China and the traditional donors face a number of challenges,there is potential for the two parties to implement further cooperation in Africa.     

Economic Globalization and the Principle of Sustainable Development

Humanity faces a full opportunity of peace and development with the end of the Cold War. All the countries in the world are eager to get a new driving force in two major realms in order to find more resources for social wealth. First, they want to share the so-called“peace dividend”, that is, they hope that the big powers in the world would allocate a rather big share of their savings in reducing their nuclear armament and cutting down their military expenses to aid the under-developed count…     

Food Shortages in the DPRK and Prospects for a Solution

In 1995,the DPRK encountered its biggest flood in one hundred years.lhe government made an appeal to the international community for food aid.Thus the food crisis in this country received worldwide attention.The root of the crisis lay in unfavorable natural conditions,frequent natural disasters,a misguided economic development strategy,drawbacks in the agricultural production and circulation systems,faults in agricultural policy,and changes in the international position,and so on.All these factors contributed to the food crisis.     

Europe-Africa Relations in Transition： From Dependence to Equals？

For a long time, relations between the European Union and Africa are not on an equal footing. As early as half a century ago, the European Community, predecessor of the EU, drove the former colonies of some member states into a framework of “special relationship” with the Community and established a system to keep them dependent on their former European suzerains through unequal trade and aid. Most of those countries that were driven into the system were African states. Such a system demonstrated the one-way control by the developed European countries over the developing African countries. With the continuous improvement of Africa＇s strategic position, ever since 2005, the EU, for its own economic and security interests, has issued with great fanfare policy documents on Africa, adjusting its policy toward the continent and proposing to make the “equal political partnership” between the EU and Africa as the primary objective of its Africa policy. However, due to historical and realistic reasons, it is not easy to achieve genuine equality between the EU and Africa; to make it a reality, colossal efforts have to be made.     

An Overview of the International Situation in the 1~(st) Quarter of 2006

1. Adjustments were made in the U.S.diplomatic strategy and deployment. The U.S.adjusted its diplomacy and published President’sState of Union Message as well as NationalSecurity Strategy Report. According to Rice’sstrategy for “transformation diplomacy”the U.S.would pay more attention to the emerging andtransitional countries, entrust the U.S. diplomacythe newtask and reorganize and strengthen the U.S.foreign aid institutions. Bush said in his State ofUnion Message that China and…     

Recent Sino-ASEAN Cooperation and Its Regional Impact

Since the year 2000, China and the ASEAN countries have promoted mutual trade and investment, strengthened political trust and increased cooperation in terms of economic aid, security, and cultural and educational exchanges. More and more people are realizing that China poses no threat to other countries. With China's growing influence in ASEAN, the U.S., Japan, and other big powers have increased their strategic investment in Southeast Asia to try to maintain their long-standing strategic advantage in the region. At the same time, the ASEAN countries are trying to play off these big powers against each other to maximize their own advantage.     

Energy Security in China-EU Relations： Framing Further Efforts of Collaboration

I. Introduction Energy was not a significant concern for either contemporary China or Western European countries to formally re-connect with each other after 1971, the year of tectonic change in Chinas pursuit of economic and political relations with the rest of the world. Yet, it did not take long for energy to feature as a substantive issue area for Sino-European diplomatic interactions. The China-EEC trade and economic cooperation agreement, signed in 1985, covered industry, agriculture, science, energy, transportation, environmental protection and development aid. It needs to be noted, though, that it was not until 1988 for China and the EEC to exchange permanent diplomatic missions, a necessary instrument for enforcing cooperation agreements.     

Aid to Africa： Can China and EU Share Their Experience？

With China＇s increased influence in Africa, the Africa issue has become ever more important in China-EU relations. In 2006, the Africa issue for the first time appeared in the joint statement of the China-European Union （EU） summit. Though both sides laid emphasis on their own principles of their Africa policies, they indicated at the same time that they would seek practical cooperation on the effectiveness of aid and the Millennium Development Goals （MDGs）. Despite this, the two sides have not been able to get rid of the differences in concept in their policies on aiding Africa to engage in real cooperation. In 2006, EU began to level accusations against China＇s Africa policy.     

Chinas Agricultural Aid to Afri -- Evolvement and Efficiency of Management Pattern

Agriculture has always been an important field of China＇s aid to Africa. China began its agricultural cooperation with Africa in 1959 when it provided Guinea with gratuitous aid of grain. Statistics show that from 1960 to 2010, China built a total of 220 agriculture-related projects in Africa, which accounted for about one-fifth of the complete projects it rendered to Africa.     

What Makes America？--On Turner＇s Theory of Frontier

Frederick Jackson Turner argues in his ＂Frontier Thesis＂ that American democracy and individualism are shaped by adaptation to the environment and the exploitation of the frontier. The westward advance explains the development of America and the evolution of its national character. However, the weakness of his theory is that he does not define the nature of the frontier, or the exploitation of that frontier as a process. Although scholars and Presidents tend to proclaim the unique and exceptional traits of America, the rudiments of democracy originate from Europe. The Puritans in New England brought with them the idea of liberty and mission; the gentlemen of the Old South embodied the features of dignity, gallantry and hospitality; slave culture displayed a sense of humor and the pursuit of freedom and equality. All of these elements molded the colorful national character and culture of the United States of America.