Revisiting Putnam’s two-level game theory in the digital age: domestic digital diplomacy and the Iran nuclear deal

Few studies to date have investigated the impact of digitalization on Putnam’s two-level game theory. Such an investigation is warranted given that state and non-state actors can employ digital tools to influence decision-making processes at both national and international levels. This study advances a new theoretical concept, Domestic Digital Diplomacy, which refers to the use of social media by a government to build domestic support for its foreign policy. This model is introduced through the case study of the @TheIranDeal twitter channel, a social media account launched by the Obama White House to rally domestic support for the ratification of the Iran Nuclear Agreement. The study demonstrates that digitalization has complicated the two-level game by democratizing access to foreign policy decisions and increasing interactions between the national and international levels of diplomacy.     

韩国的外交困境:一个概括性框架的解读

近年来,韩国外交面临着一种两难选择的困境。通过对60余年来韩国外交历程的梳理,我们可以发现以政权存续为主要目标的安保外交时期,这种困境是不存在的;而进入冷战后的统一外交时期之后,韩国在包括对美外交与对朝外交、和平外交与统一外交、同盟外交与均衡外交等一系列问题的处理原则上在全社会(包括政治精英和社会大众)还没有形成广泛而稳定的共识,从而使韩国的对外政策在近年来表现出随着政府的换届而不断摇摆、缺乏稳定性的特征,整体反映出韩国在处理朝韩关系及统一问题上的不自信。韩国只有在这些重大的外交原则问题上形成广泛而稳定的共识才有可能摆脱目前的困境,进一步推进统一外交的进程。     

Will Sexual Minority Rights Be Trumped? Assessing the Policy Sustainability of LGBTI Rights Diplomacy in American Foreign Policy

A hallmark of the Barack Obama Administration’s foreign policy was the incorporation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender and Intersex [LGBTI] rights diplomacy. With the change to the Donald Trump Administration in January 2017, this new aspect of American foreign policy has yet to be tested. This analysis investigates the methods used by advocates and government allies to imbed this policy in foreign policy institutions to increase the difficulty of a full policy reversal. It argues that whilst new leadership does not always support LGBTI equality domestically, LGBTI diplomacy will not likely face eradication from foreign policy mandates largely due to the strategic framing of LGBTI rights diplomacy.     

关于加强中国热点外交的若干对策思考

目前中国热点外交所面临的挑战和存在的问题,主要反映在思想、理论与实践等领域。为解决这些问题,在思想上,中国要从战略高度对热点外交进行定位,具体表现在要从统筹国际和国内两个大局的高度看待热点外交的战略重要性,要从中国的价值理念与外交政策定位热点外交的指导思想与目标。在理论研究方面,中国要从国家利益、地缘政治、介入和参与的身份与环境要求等角度,对热点问题分类,并建立长效研究机制。在实践方面,中国应通过灵活运用外交基本原则、完善特使制度、增强外交统筹和平衡、加强中美战略对话、加大对伊朗核问题参与力度、创新外援体制、创新公共外交机制,解决当前热点外交面临的紧迫问题。     

习近平外交思想理论体系探析

习近平外交思想是中国外交理论建设的重大成果,拥有系统、完整、科学的理论体系,指引着中国外交不断走向胜利,并具有日益扩大的国际影响。习近平外交思想理论体系坚持实践本体论,是代表和推进时代前进方向的中国外交实践自觉的产物;它创新了外交领域的中国化马克思主义,坚持共产主义世界观,总结科学的方法论,强调造福人民的要旨;它内涵丰富,特别是包含了与时俱进的主权观、共同持续的全球安全观、正确的义利观、引领进步的国际体系观等核心理念,形成了一整套指导处理中国与世界关系的战略思想。     

日本对东盟的文化外交战略

到目前为止，国内外学者在分析日本和东盟的外交关系时，大多从经济、政治或军事方面人手，而对于双方的文化关系，以及日本对东盟的文化外交战略的论述还相对缺乏。本文主要分析日本对东盟的文化外交战略，全面了解日本的东盟外交战略，并探讨其对日本和东盟关系的影响。     

Diplomacy and intelligence

'Intelligence' as a discrete institution is part of twentieth-century government. It combines the skills of covert collection with expertise on certain subjects. Its differentiation from legitimate diplomacy is on the whole clear: intelligence provides information by special methods, diplomacy uses it. Nevertheless, there are numerous operational overlaps. Intelligence's overseas liaisons interact with diplomacy and foreign policy. Embassies act as intelligence bases and are targets for local intelligence attacks. The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office plays a leading part in intelligence assessment. Some distancing between diplomacy and covert intelligence is desirable, but Western intelligence is less of a rival to diplomacy than has sometimes been portrayed. In Britain, in particular, intelligence's knowledge has not meant power.     

Commercial Diplomacy and Statecraft in the Context of Economic Reform: The Indian Experience

It is almost a decade since India began its economic reforms. Apart from the purely domestic economic objectives that the reforms were expected to achieve, there was a recognition that reform was imperative if India wanted to become an economic power of consequence within and beyond its region. This had important foreign policy implications. Official pronouncements reflected the concern that the balance of fiscal power as opposed to military power was the key factor in determining a country's international standing. This called for an integrated strategy to bring economic and foreign policies closer. The implementation of a vigorous foreign economic policy could not be undertaken without sharpening the commercial diplomatic tool. Indian foreign policy over the last decade has been grappling with this challenge. This article analyses the reorientation in Indian foreign policy, assesses the efforts undertaken so far to make commercial diplomacy viable and highlights the challenges that multi-layered diplomacy poses for a country like India.     

Commercial Diplomacy and Statecraft in the Context of Economic Reform: The Indian Experience

It is almost a decade since India began its economic reforms. Apart from the purely domestic economic objectives that the reforms were expected to achieve, there was a recognition that reform was imperative if India wanted to become an economic power of consequence within and beyond its region. This had important foreign policy implications. Official pronouncements reflected the concern that the balance of fiscal power as opposed to military power was the key factor in determining a country's international standing. This called for an integrated strategy to bring economic and foreign policies closer. The implementation of a vigorous foreign economic policy could not be undertaken without sharpening the commercial diplomatic tool. Indian foreign policy over the last decade has been grappling with this challenge. This article analyses the reorientation in Indian foreign policy, assesses the efforts undertaken so far to make commercial diplomacy viable and highlights the challenges that multi-layered diplomacy poses for a country like India.     

后冷战时代日本环境外交战略研究

冷战结束后,环境议题成为日本谋求"政治大国"地位的重要手段,其纳入日本对外战略框架有着深刻的国内社会背景和国际政治环境,以对外输出资本和环保技术为主要内容的日本环境外交战略在树立环保大国形象及提高国际声誉方面取得了一定成绩,但公益性的实施方式并没有改变其作为一国外交政策的利益性本质。     

The Gordian Knot of Brazilian Foreign Policy: Promoting democracy while respecting sovereignty

President Cardoso has provided decisive impetus for strengthening Brazil's commitment to democracy abroad, both through multilateral diplomacy and foreign policy. However, there exist inherent tensions between the dual principles guiding Brazilian foreign policy, the promotion and protection of democracy abroad and the attachment to national sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs. This study assesses Brazil's response to threats to democracy during the last decade in 10 case studies. It argues that presidential diplomacy has played a key role in furthering the democratic commitment of Brazilian foreign policy. The author thanks Paulo Roberto de Almeida, Juan Fernando London ?o, Anja Linder, and Riordan Roett and gratefully acknowledges the support of the Democracy Coalition Project (DCP) of the Open Society Institute (OSI) in Washington DC.     

新时期印度尼西亚全方位外交战略解析

面对着不断变动的国际政治格局,为了更好地维护国家安全利益,促进国内经济发展,印度尼西亚的外交战略在坚持"独立、积极"原则的基础上也适应新的形式有所调整。苏西洛在2009年成功连任印尼总统,这使他有机会继续引导印尼的外交政策方向。印尼的外交战略从苏西洛第一任期的"在波涛汹涌的大海中航行"发展到现在的"全方位外交",即以重树在东盟的领导权为基础,积极开展双边和多边关系。     

American diplomatic realism: A tradition practised and preached by George F. Kennan

George F. Kennan's work remains pertinent to the contemporary debate over American foreign policy in which voices calling for a realistic conduct of American diplomacy have been faint. Kennan's thought contains a framework that can be used to examine critically the drift in American diplomacy from the realist assumptions held by the American Founding Fathers towards the liberal or Wilsonian school of international relations. Wilsonianism has seized the world view of contemporary American diplomats and statesmen, particularly during the Clinton administration. Kennan's analysis provides a salutary word in the debate over the course of post-Cold War American foreign policy that takes Wilsonian assumptions for granted.     

普京的大国外交战略

普京上台后，秉承灵活、务实的外交原则，对俄罗斯的外交战略进行了调整。普京的大国外交战略是全方位、多层次的：增强国家实力，以此为基点和归宿积极推进大国外交战略；改善地缘环境，做地区强国；积极开展全方位外交，做世界大国。     

American diplomatic realism: A tradition practised and preached by George F. Kennan

George F. Kennan's work remains pertinent to the contemporary debate over American foreign policy in which voices calling for a realistic conduct of American diplomacy have been faint. Kennan's thought contains a framework that can be used to examine critically the drift in American diplomacy from the realist assumptions held by the American Founding Fathers towards the liberal or Wilsonian school of international relations. Wilsonianism has seized the world view of contemporary American diplomats and statesmen, particularly during the Clinton administration. Kennan's analysis provides a salutary word in the debate over the course of post‐Cold War American foreign policy that takes Wilsonian assumptions for granted.     

俄罗斯对外政策中的地缘经济因素

后冷战时期，俄罗斯地缘政治潜力下降，促使其对外政策中地缘经济战略凸现。地缘经济战略中的能源外交成为俄对外政策的重点。俄地缘经济战略的实施使其经济从解体后的萧条中复苏，但其也存在着不可忽视的变数。随着世界政治经济格局的变化，俄对外政策中地缘政治与地缘经济因素互动着，这成为后冷战时期俄罗斯对外政策的特点。     

论东盟对中美的对冲外交困境及其原因

东盟自成立起一直在大国的包围中求生存发展。面对当前地区内中美两个大国，东盟试图实施对冲外交，以期通过两面下注来减低风险。本文认为，东盟对中美的对冲外交已陷入困境。对冲外交并未使东盟获得预想中的关键地位，反而使中美两国更难认识到东盟在解决地区问题中的重要性，中美坚持以“双边”方式在该地区活动，从而对东盟的一体化产生负面作用。东盟对冲外交陷入困境的根本原因在于其“弱国组织，实力受制”这一结构性矛盾，致使各成员国出于利益考虑不得不选择自己的依托对象，使其对冲外交的实施难以形成合力；实力不足的现状也难以使其在中美两大国的棋局上占据太多比重，使对冲外交的操作空间非常有限。     

新时代中国外交理论的创新性发展（英文）

Based on the scientific judgement of China's historical orientation and the prevailing trend of world development, the Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy, as reflected in a group of ideas it advocates, meets the requirements dictated by the nature and direction of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics. It has also contributed Chinese wisdom to the development of the theory of international relations.     

梅德韦杰夫外交:特点、原因及前景分析

梅德韦杰夫执政以来,其外交特点是:重视独联体,调整政策但区别对待;重视东方,中印平衡;对西方继续强硬但不破裂,进而改善,对美欧有所区别;利用俄优势,重视能源外交、体育外交、军事外交和大国外交;对国际事务提出很多新观点、新建议,使政府在实施俄罗斯外交政策的分量加重。其原因既有俄罗斯国力上升,也有国内的梅普组合因素,还有国际上的美国因素和中国因素。今后梅德韦杰夫外交将更加重视经济安全、能源外交和军事发展。对华将继续友好,战略借重加大,但发展空间有限,必须寻求新的增长点。在对西方关系上,在继承普京时期强硬外交的基础上进一步调整、改善、缓和与西方的关系。     

国会与美国外交决策

作为代议制民主的突出体现,国会在美国政治生活中发挥着重大作用.时至今日,美国国会依旧是当今世界上各国议会中最具影响力的立法机构.其作用不仅显示在美国国内政策的制订上,而且还渗透于美国的对外政策中.