H9N2亚型猪流感病毒A/Swine/Shandong/1/02 分离株的基因序列分析

从有肺炎症状的病猪中分离到1株H9N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)A/Swine/Shndong/1/02,对其进行了全病毒基因序列分析.结果表明,该毒株8个基因片段的核苷酸序列均来自禽流感病毒(AIV),与我国目前家禽中流行的H9N2亚型AIV毒株具有很高的同源性,与A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97(H9N2)的同源性为94.1%～98.9%,与A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94(H9N2)的同源性为94.5%～98.2%;推导的其血凝素(HA)裂解位点处的氨基酸序列为P-A-R-S-S-R,完全符合H9亚型AIV欧亚分支中的类A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94亚分支的特征;基因分析结果表明,该分离株的所有基因片段均来源于H9N2亚型AIV,它可直接感染猪,并导致发病,但它并未在猪体内发生重组.     

H7N2禽流感病毒分离株血凝素蛋白全基因的序列分析

为进一步分析H7N2禽流感病毒(AIV)分离株血凝素(HA)基因的特性,参照已发表序列设计了1对引物,采用RT-PCR获得了1条约1.7 kb的DNA片段,测序后进行了同源性比较、HA基因系统发育进化树分析和氨基酸编码分析。结果表明,所测的2个分离株的HA基因全长1 664 bp,编码除信号肽以外的HA蛋白的全部544个氨基酸,其中包括HA1的323个氨基酸,HA2的221个氨基酸。2个分离株HA基因核苷酸序列的同源性为99.4%;与GenBank中AIV标准株A/Afri.Star./Eng-Q/983/79(H7N1)的同源性最高,分别为99.4%和99.0%;与美国A/Chicken/NewYork/13142-5/94(H7N2)株同源性很低(仅65.0%),而与以色列、意大利H7N2AIV的同源性较高(为96%~97%);2个分离株在HA基因进化树中均处于H7亚型AIV的欧亚群系分支内。推导氨基酸的序列分析表明,其HA蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸序列为-GR-GLF-,仅包含1个碱性氨基酸(R-)残基,符合低致病力AIV的基因特征。     

禽流感病毒A/Turkey/Canada/63毒株HA和NA基因的克隆及序列分析

用SPF鸡胚增殖禽流感病毒(AIV)A/Turkey/Canada/63毒株,提取病毒基因组总RNA,应用RT-PCR技术分别扩增该病毒分离株的HA和NA基因全片段,并克隆到pMD18-T载体上。测序结果表明,该毒株的HA基因全长为1745bp,含有完整的阅读框架,编码566个氨基酸；NA基因全长1467bp,编码469个氨基酸。BLAST序列比较结果显示,该毒株HA基因属于H6亚型,NA基因属于N2亚型。将获得的HA和NA基因与AIV数据库中H6和N2基因进行遗传演化分析,表明该毒株HA基因与其他H6基因核苷酸的同源性为80.5%～87.3%,氨基酸的同源性为88.0%～93.1%；NA基因与其他N2基因核苷酸的同源性为86.0%～93.5%,氨基酸的同源性为90.6%～96.3%。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒核蛋白基因的克隆及其序列特征

用RT PCR技术扩增到H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分离株A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/ 98(简称F株 )的核蛋白 (NP)全基因。 18个毒株NP基因核苷酸序列比较结果显示 ,以Q/HK/G1/ 97为代表的、并和同期香港发生的人流感事件有直接联系的毒株相互间同源率达 98.3%～ 99.3% ,而F株与它们的同源率为 92 .2 %～ 92 .8%。遗传进化分析结果表明 ,F株独成一组 ,可暂时划分到类C/Ko/ 32 3/ 96亚系。从目前已发表的H9N2毒株NP基因数据不能确定F株的来源     

一株野生灰雁禽流感H9亚型病毒全基因序列的测定与分析

为研究新疆野生灰雁禽流感毒株的基因变异与演化,选择A/Grey goose/XJBZH/1/09(H9N2)株,应用RT-PCR对该毒株的8个基因片段进行了克隆、序列测定与分析。结果,该毒株的HA、NA、NS、M、NP、PB1、PB2和PA这8个基因的核苷酸序列长度分别为1 831、1 548、1 077、1 202、1 705、2 342、2 426和2 319bp。基因序列分析表明,该毒株的HA基因与鸡源毒株A/Chicken/Xinjiang/01/2010(H9N2)的同源率为99.3%;HA和NA基因与鸽源毒株A/pigeon/HongKong/WF53/03(H9N2)的同源率分别为91.5%和91.1%;HA、NA、NS和PB1基因与猪源毒株A/swine/Yangzhou/1/2008(H9N2)的同源率分别为97.5%、97.8%、96.9%和97.5%;NA基因与人源毒株A/Shaoguan/408/98(H9N2)的同源率为93.8%;M、NP、PA和PB2基因与所选的全部参考毒株的同源率均很低。遗传进化分析表明,A/Greygoose/XJBZH/1/09(H9N2)株属于欧亚种系,位于Y280-like亚群。     

三株鸭源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒福建株全基因的测序及遗传进化分析

为明确3株鸭源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒福建株A/Muscovy duck/Fujian/CL/1997(H9N2)(简称CL株)、A/duck/Fujian/MH/2003(H9N2)(简称MH株)和A/duck/Fujian/FQ2/2007(H9N2)(简称FQ2株)全基因组的分子特征和遗传进化情况,采用RT-PCR方法扩增这3株病毒全基因片段,并进行序列比较及遗传进化分析。结果表明,所克隆的8个基因片段均有完整的开放阅读框,其血凝素基因蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸组成为-RSSR*GLF-,为不连续的碱性氨基酸,其静脉接种指数远小于1.2,均符合低致病性AIVHA蛋白裂解位点特征;CL株和MH株的HA基因在遗传进化上属于常见的CK/BJ/1/94群系;FQ2株HA基因在遗传进化上属于DK/HK/Y280/97群系,3株H9N2亚型AIV HA基因在遗传进化上均属于经典的欧亚种系。3株H9N2亚型AIV NA基因颈部均存在缺失,CL株和MH株的NA基因在遗传进化上属于常见的CK/BJ/1/94群系,FQ2株NA基因在遗传进化上属于G1群系。CL株和MH株的其他6个基因在遗传进化上均和经典的CK/BJ/1/94一致,而FQ2株则可能是由不同流感病毒基因亚系间发生自然重排的产物。     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒NS基因的克隆及序列分析

采用RT PCR技术对4株H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的NS基因进行了扩增,将获得的PCR产物分别与T载体连接,获得了4个毒株的NS基因阳性克隆。序列分析结果显示,分离毒株间的核苷酸同源率为90.2%～98.7%,氨基酸同源率为82.6%～97.8%。与其他毒株比较A Goose HLJ P46 2003(H5N1)和A Goose HLJ G2 2003(H5N1)株NS基因在第264～278位处发生了15个核苷酸缺失;A Goose Jilin W2 2004(H5N1)株NS1基因蛋白编码区的第652位碱基发生T C突变,成为终止密码子,造成NS1蛋白的C末端有13个氨基酸缺失。证实不同基因型的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒在我国家禽中同时存在;H9与H5亚型流感病毒基因间存在着广泛的遗传交换。     

禽流感病毒N1和N2亚型神经氨酸酶RT-PCR鉴别方法的建立

针对家禽中流行较为广泛、危害相对大的禽流感病毒(AIV)N1、N2亚型神经氨酸酶基因设计了2对引物,建立了一种RT-PCR鉴别方法,其目的片段大小分别为358 bp、377 bp.经对A/goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)、A/Turkey/England/N28/73(H5N2)、A/African starling/983/79(H7N1)和A/Turkey/Wiscosin/1/66(H9N2)病毒株的鸡胚尿囊液样品进行扩增,扩增片段的大小与预期大小完全相符.经对国内不同地区分离的16株AIV N1亚型和21株AIV N2亚型用RT-PCR方法检测,阳性检出率分别为87.5%(14/16)和95.2%(20/21);对50份样品进行盲检,准确率为98%(49/50).     

禽流感病毒RT-PCR及多重RT-PCR检测技术的建立

研究建立了禽流感病毒(AIV)A型、H5、N1、H9、N2亚型特异性RT-PCR及H5/N1、H9/N2、A/H5/N1多重RT-PCR检测技术,用于检测或同时检测和鉴别A型及H5N1、H9N2亚型AIV。所建立的RT-PCR和多重RT-PCR从核酸提取、基因扩增到产物分析在3~4h内即可完成,经对36株AIV及相关病毒分离物检测,与病毒分离鉴定的结果完全一致,且与相关病毒或其他亚型无交叉反应。采用多重RT-PCR检测80份棉拭子样品,并与病毒分离鉴定方法比较,二者H5N1、H9N2亚型的鉴定结果完全吻合。结果表明,该方法具有快速、敏感、特异等优点,为临诊样品中AIV型及H5N1、H9N2亚型鉴定和诊断的有效方法。     

H7N9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶单因子血清的制备

为获得特异性H7N9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)单因子血清,根据GenBank中A/Chicken/Zhejiang/SD007/2013毒株的序列人工合成了HA基因和NA基因,然后将其分别克隆至真核表达载体pCAGGS,构建了重组真核表达质粒pCAGGS-HA和pCAGGS-NA,经酶切和测序鉴定后将阳性重组质粒转染COS-7细胞,利用H7N9AIV鸡血清进行Western-blot分析。结果显示,重组质粒中的目的基因均能够成功表达。将重组质粒以每只200μg的剂量免疫4周龄SPF鸡,二免后第14天采集血清并用间接免疫荧光试验和Western-blot检测抗体。结果显示,免疫鸡产生的血清均能与对应质粒经COS-7细胞表达的蛋白发生特异性反应。结果表明,成功制备的H7N9AIV HA蛋白和NA蛋白单因子血清具有良好的反应原性,为提高H7N9AIV的血清学检测方法的准确性提供了一定技术支撑。     

Putin's Silovarchs

Since the late 1990s, most of Boris Yeltsin's oligarchs have left the political stage. In their place, a new business elite has sprung up, most from the network of security service and law enforcement veterans known as the siloviki (roughly, “power agents”) who form the backbone of President Putin's administration. Indeed, the security forces’ takeover of corporate boardrooms is coming to define Putin's regime. Silovarchs can deploy intelligence networks, state prosecutors, and armed force to intimidate or expropriate business rivals. Their temptation to use secret service tools and techniques predisposes the regime toward authoritarian politics. Western policy towards Russia will have to recognize these realities. The most promising path toward authentic democracy in Russia involves the cooptation of leading siloviki into the international business world.     

乙型脑炎病毒XJ/08/01株的分离鉴定及PrM/E基因的遗传进化分析

从新疆维吾尔自治区石河子地区某猪场采集了150份猪脑组织样品,利用RT-PCR方法进行流行性乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)NS1基因扩增,结果有32份组织样品扩增出了430 bp的特异性目的条带.用检测的阳性样品研磨液接种乳鼠进行JEV的分离,经3次乳鼠传代后获得了1株JEV,命名为XJ/08/01.在此基础上,设计引物从接毒乳鼠脑组织样品中扩增JEV的主要抗原基因PrM/E并进行序列分析,结果表明,该分离毒株与JEV疫苗株SA14-14-2的同源性为99.6%,根据基因分型法确定该分离株属于基因Ⅲ型JEV.     

3种基因型鸡传染性支气管炎病毒免疫对tl/CH/LDT3/03株的保护性

以鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)S1基因比较为基础,分析了IBV tl/CH/LDT3/03型毒株与中国其他流行IBV毒株之间的关系,选择5株代表3种基因型的毒株进行动物免疫攻毒试验,以发病率、死亡率、抗体产生及在不同脏器中的病毒检出率作为指标来评价异种毒株对tl/CH/LDT3/03株的保护性。结果显示,同种致弱毒株对tl/CH/LDT3/03强毒株具有良好的保护性,而异种毒株对tl/CH/LDT3/03强毒株的保护性低。     

猪捷申病毒Swine/CH/IMH/03株VP1蛋白的原核表达及其反应原性

根据猪捷申病毒(PTV)Swine/CH/IMH/03株的基因组序列(GenBank登录号:DQ355222)设计了1对引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增出了PTV的VP1基因片段,将其克隆到表达载体pET-32a(+)中,构建了重组质粒pET-VP1,经测序鉴定正确后,将其转化感受态细胞BL21(DE3)中,并进行IPTG诱导表达.结果表明,重组菌可表达分子质量为45 ku的融合蛋白,在1.0 mmol/L IPTG诱导6 h后,重组菌的表达效果最好,目的蛋白表达量占菌体总蛋白的63.4%,表达的蛋白以包涵体的形式存在于菌体中.表达产物经Ni柱纯化后,薄层扫描显示,目的蛋白的纯度达到了97%.Western-blot结果显示,纯化后的VP1蛋白能与PTV Swine/CH/IMH/03株阳性血清发生特异性的免疫印迹反应,表明,原核表达的VP1蛋白具有良好的反应原性.     

Managing and controlling HIV/AIDS talk among Ghanaians living with HIV/AIDS

Abstract

This study explored the meanings people attribute to talking about living with HIV/AIDS. Framed by interpersonal and health communication scholarship based on disclosure and the meanings of talk about illness, people living with HIV/AIDS are asked to describe how and why they discussed their health condition with others. Interviews (focus group and one-on-one) were conducted with 120 people living with HIV/AIDS. A grounded theory analysis of the interviews revealed how communication about HIV/AIDS may be particularly meaningful because it is something people feel they can control during what is already a highly stressful and turbulent time. However, attempts to manage communication are challenged by constraints imposed by others, such as unfavourable and unpredictable reactions to disclosure, which ultimately place limits on how people living with HIV/AIDS control information about them.     

Global media/local meanings

ABSTRACT

In this article the author argues that qualitative investigations into the consumption practices of local audiences provide an important counter to the pessimistic claims of the media imperialism theorists, limited as they are primarily to institutional and textual analysis. In particular, the author argues that qualitative studies of how local audiences interact with global media provide an important corrective to the assumption that cultural homogenisation and synchronisation (Schiller 1976; Hamelink 1993) is following in the wake of the spread of global (primarily American) media and that this is necessarily something to be deplored.

This article first outlines some of the main tenets of the media imperialism thesis. Next it considers some of the more important critiques of this thesis. Finally, it draws on an interview the author conducted with a student at Rhodes University in order to clarify some of the important theoretical considerations we need to take into account when trying to assess the impact of global media on local audiences.

Indeed after years of anti-apartheid sanctions … South African is a country awash in American consumer goods, colonised by American pop culture, and obsessed with American celebrities. (Bill Keller, New York Times, September 25, 1993:5)

Choices [pertaining to media consumption] are constantly being made … But the questions of what those choices might mean, and how they work their way into the lives of those who make them, separating those lives from others perhaps just down the street, and linking them perhaps with others who share everything but locality; these questions remain. (Roger Silverstone 1990:186)