Interrupted evolution: the Serbian medieval assembly (Sabor)

This article discusses the origins, evolution, composition and competence of the State Sabor – the assembly of medieval Serbia. Since there are no preserved written documents that prescribe its structure, competence or decision-making procedure, all research regarding the Sabor has to be based on the accounts of individual Sabors held throughout Serbian medieval history. This article also aims to show the power relations between the Sabor and the monarch and to determine the criteria according to which matters were taken before the Sabor. Finally, a short comparison is made of the Sabor to the assemblies of neighbouring countries – Bosnia, Byzantium and Hungary. The article concludes with some final remarks about the nature of the Sabor and its legacy after the conquest of Serbia by the Ottoman Empire.     

中日文化在自他动词教学中的应用问题研究

日语自他动词是日语语法中的一个难点,主要表现在汉语的两用动词和日语的对应自他动词的使用方法上。在表示"动作—结果"这一意义时,汉语通过两用动词与其宾语的顺序来表示;而日语却要使用两个具有对立概念的对应自他动词来表示。两者既有对应关系,又极为相似,因此使用时常常出现误用现象。通过从中日两国的文化差异、语言习惯及文化心理方面对其进行探析,发现两者不同的使用倾向及日语对应自他动词使用的特点。     

Policy advice as policy work: a conceptual framework for multi-level analysis

This article argues that policy advice can be understood as a special kind of “policy work” that depends upon a diverse set of factors operating at different levels. The basic aim of the article is to disentangle this multi-level and multifaceted phenomenon into a conceptual framework that can be used for empirical analysis and theory building. In that framework, policy advice is conceptualized as a never-ending interaction among various actors in a specific institutional context, through which routines and norms are both reproduced and abolished. First, it is explained why policy advice is most fruitfully understood as a special kind of policy work, and then how it relates to other policy work activities. Second, problems with single-level approaches are discussed and the need for a multi-level approach is explained. Third, a multi-level conceptual framework is formulated and described. Fourth, some possible applications of the framework are illustrated with examples from current empirical research. The article concludes with implications for research and theory building.     

Between NATO and a hard place: defence spending debate in Germany and Czechia

Defence spending has become a primary issue in the context of NATO. The question of fair burden-sharing and development of new capabilities in reaction to the changing security environment led NATO members to aim to spend 2% of GDP on defence by 2024. While some allies have managed to reach the level quickly, others seem not to be able or willing to do so. We know little, however, how the international commitment is reflected and referred to in individual member states. This article shows how size played a role when the 2% pledge was discussed in domestic politics, even if the resulting policy may be very similar. Based on expert and political debates in Germany and Czechia, it demonstrates that external expectations and the question of status play a crucial part in the small state’s reasoning whereas it is mainly internal drivers that shape the big state’s decisions.     

The diversification discourse of Russia and its energy relations with the EU

Asia Europe Journal - The article explores the energy security relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union. The focus, however, is not on the technical and institutional aspects...     

警察伦理价值取向的两个维度

警察伦理价值取向有两个基本的维度,即警察内在的美德与外在的善行。前者着眼于德性的提升和品质的超越,后者着力于行为的规范和规则的遵行。警察伦理建设需要在以上两个层面上努力追求与提升。     

民营企业出口竞争力提升与创新环境的培育

在全球金融危机背景下需要提升民营企业出口竞争力。而目前大多数民营企业出口竞争力不足,原因是多方面的,但与创新环境的直接相关。提升民营企业出口竞争力需要培育创新环境,而创新环境的培育主要从培育高级生产要素、创造国内需求与提升需求质量、发挥产业集群优势、营造公平竞争高效运作发展环境入手。