Reviews

Big Men, Small Boys and Politics in Ghana: Power, Ideology and the Burden of History, 1982–1994 by Paul Nugent. Pinter Publishing Limited (London and New York). 1995. xiv plus 306pp. including bibliography and index. £35 or $63 hardback.

Understanding Contemporary Africa (2nd edition) edited by April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder and London. 1996. xiv plus 432pp. including maps, illustrations, notes, bibliographies, appendices and index.

The Politics of Difference: Ethnic Premises in a World of Power edited by Edwin N. Wilmsen and Patrick McAllister. University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London. 1996. ix plus 210pp.

The Multilateral Development Banks. Volume 1. The African Development Bank by E. Philip English and Harris M. Mule. The North‐South Institute. Ottawa. 1996. xvi plus 213pp.

Brothers at War: Dissidence and Rebellion in Southern Africa by Abiodun Alao. British Academic Press, London and New York. 1994. xiii plus 201pp. including notes, bibliography, index. £39.50. Hardback.

Now that We are Free: Coloured Communities in Democratic South Africa edited by Wilmot James, Daria Caliguire and Kerry Cullinan. Lynne Rienner Publishing, Boulder (Colorado) and London. 1996. 142pp.

Imperialism or Solidarity? International Labour and South African Trade Unions by Roger Southall. University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town. 1995. 398pp.

The Aid Relationship in Zambia: A Conflict Scenario by Oliver Saasa and Jerker Carlsson. Institute for African Studies, Lusaka (Zambia) and Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala (Sweden). 1996. 170pp. including figures, tables, notes, bibliography and index. Paperback.     

Reviews

Work, Culture, and Identity: Migrant Labourers in Mozambique and South Africa, c.1860–1910 by Patrick Harries. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg; Heinemann, Portsmouth NH; and James Currey, London. 1994. 328 pp. including photographs, maps and tables. R75.00 paperback.

African Workers and Colonial Racism: Mozambican Strategies and Struggles in Lourenc.0 Marques, 1877–1962 by Jeanne Marie Penvenne. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg; Heinemann, Portsmouth NH; and James Currey, London. 1995. 242 pp. including maps, halftones and tables. R86.00 paperback.

Historical Dictionary of Namibia by John J. Grotpeter. The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey and London. No 57 in the African Historical Dictionaries series. 1994. xxvi plus 725 pp. including a chronology, map, appendices and bibliography. $89.50 hardback.

Out in the Cold: Academic Boycotts and the Isolation of South Africa by L.J. Haricombe and F.W. Lancaster. Information Resources Press, Arlington, Virginia. 1995. xiv plus 158 pp. including tables, bibliography and index. $29.50 hardback.

The Foreign Policy of Zimbabwe by Ulf Engel. Institute of African Affairs, Hamburg. 1994. vii plus 479 pp. including diagrams, tables, notes, bibliography and indices.

The Politics of Two Sudans: The South and the North 1821 ‐1969 by Deng D. Akol Ruay. The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden. 1994. 183 pp. £14.95.

Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two‐Edged Sword edited by Colin Leys and John S. Saul. James Curry, London and Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio. 1995. x plus 212 pp. including maps, notes and index. £12.95 paperback.

Namibia and External Resources: The Case of Swedish Development Assistance by Bertil Oden, Henning Melber, Tor Sellstrom and Chris Tapscott. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Research Report No. 96, Uppsala. 1994. 122 pp. including map, references and tables. £5.95 paperback.

Short‐Cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan edited by Sharif Harir and Terje Tvedt. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala. 1994. 275 pp. £19.95.

Divided Sisterhood: Race, Class and Gender in the South African Nursing Profession by Shula Marks. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg (South Africa), Macmillan Press Ltd (Great Britain), and St. Martin's Press, Inc., (USA). 1994. xiii plus 306 pp. including notes, bibliography and index. R82.00 paperback.

Transition to Democracy in Nigeria (1985–1993) by Tunji Olagunju, Adele Jinadu and Sam Oyovbaire. Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan and London. 1993. 278 pp.     

The Legitimacy of Using the Harm Principle in Cases of Religious Freedom Within Education

John Stuart Mill’s famous “harm principle” has been popular in the limitation of freedoms within human rights jurisprudence. It has been used formally in court cases and also informally in legal argumentation and conversation. Shortly, it is described as a very simple principle that amounts to the notion that persons are at liberty to do what they want as long as their actions do not harm any other person or society in general. This article questions whether it is legitimate to use the harm principle in cases concerning the limitation of religious freedom within education. For example, can the exemption of a learner from sex education (based on religious objections) be denied based on the argument that such an exemption will cause harm? In order to answer this question, the meaning, origin and use of the harm principle are investigated. This article also discusses four main criticisms against the use of this principle in general and in cases of religious freedom of learners in education.     

基于质量标志物的白芍配方颗粒量值传递规律及工艺优化研究

目的 研究白芍配方颗粒生产过程中白芍质量标志物的量值传递规律，优化其制备工艺。方法 通过白芍质量标志物6个成分含量及转移率，分析白芍饮片-提取液-浓缩液-干膏粉-配方颗粒中的量值传递关系，寻找生产过程中关键影响因素；并以出膏率、质量标志物的含量为考察指标，结合信息熵赋权法优化工艺关键参数。结果 浓缩和制粒两个过程中，6种成分含量略下降，但无显著性差异（P>0.05），且转移率相对较高；提取过程中，氧化芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、没食子酰芍药苷、苯甲酰芍药苷等5种成分含量分别下降44.00%、24.74%、27.50%、19.57%、37.25%，其中芍药苷、没食子酰芍药苷、苯甲酰芍药苷等3种成分含量有显著性差异（P<0.05），且氧化芍药苷的平均转移率为51.98%，相对较低；干燥过程中，6种成分含量均有降低趋势，其中芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、没食子酰芍药苷、苯甲酰芍药苷等4种成分的转移率分别降低10.79%、11.29%、15.45%、10.95%，均有显著性差异（P<0.05）；提示关键过程为提取和干燥过程，进一步确定关键影响因素为提取时间和干燥温度。通过优化，确定最佳工艺为“白芍饮片加10倍量水，浸泡30 min后，煎煮40 min，再加8倍量水，煎煮40 min；70℃减压浓缩至相对密度为1. 07~1. 09 g/mL，以进风温度为140℃进行喷雾干燥；加适量糊精，混合均匀，干法制粒”。经过优化，芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、没食子酰芍药苷、苯甲酰芍药苷等转移率在提取过程中分别增加16.73%、9.50%、12.92%、7.48%，均有显著性差异（P<0.01），在干燥过程中分别增加15.68%、11.80%、11.69%、10.42%，均有显著性差异（P<0.01）。结论 优化的工艺稳定、重复性好，白芍质量标志物中6种成分很大程度上得到保留，白芍配方颗粒的整体质量得到提升，为之后的生产和质量控制提供科学参考。     

有关民族、宗教问题的几点看法

民族关系、宗教关系,是人类社会常见的两种社会关系;民族关系、宗教关系既是反映人们社会身份的重要符号,同时也在某种程度上反映了一定的社会关系;作为两种社会历史文化现象,民族、宗教问题是一定社会诸多矛盾的结合产物;在社会急剧变迁的今天,民族、宗教问题已成为世界各国高度关注的热点问题;对于我国来说,民族、宗教问题的处理好坏,直接影响到国家社会的稳定、发展、和谐.     

Evaluation of iodine-benzoflavone and ruthenium tetroxide spray reagents for the detection of latent fingermarks at the crime scene

The performance of two spray reagents, iodine-benzoflavone and ruthenium tetroxide (RTX), was evaluated and compared with the conventional technique currently used at the crime scene, that is, powdering. Neither the spray techniques nor powdering were shown to be suitable for all surfaces and ages of marks tested. On some surfaces such as glass and treated wood, powdering was still the superior technique, whereas the spray techniques produced better development on wallpaper, vinyl, and brick. Sequencing work showed that RTX was incompatible with powdering and cyanoacrylate (with a rhodamine 6G stain). Iodine-benzoflavone can be used successfully either before or after powdering in a sequence; however, it was incompatible with cyanoacrylate. Two non-CFC formulations of iodine-benzoflavone using HFC4310mee and HFE7100 solvents were tested and shown not to be as effective as the original Arklone (CFC-113) formulation; however, the HFC4310mee solvent is recommended as the most suitable replacement solvent. Due to the expense of the commercial RTX spray, attempts at formulating a more cost-effective version were also carried out. A formulation was developed that gave comparable development to the commercial version but at a much cheaper cost, and with a shelf life of up to two months. Recommendations are presented for which techniques are suitable for different surfaces and ages of marks. Powdering was shown to be the best technique on all ages of marks tested on treated wood, glass, and also on marks aged three days and older on paint. Iodine-benzoflavone was the best technique on wallpaper, vinyl, brick, and raw wood. RTX was the best detection technique for fresh marks and marks aged up to one day on wallpaper and paint.     

"城中村"社区治理体制研究--以广州市白云区柯子岭村为个案

本文把由"城中村"转制而形成的社区定义为"城中村"社区.在"城中村"社区内部存在的街道、居委会、以及经济联社三大治理主体,在参与社区治理的过程中形成了一个以各自利益为结点的网络.本文以广州市白云区柯子岭村为个案,描述三元治理主体在社区中的现状,阐释其历史渊源,为处于转制过渡时期的"城中村"社区提供政策参考.     

A conceptual framework of corporate online communication: A marketing public relations (MPR) perspective

Abstract

This study identifies attributes that are perceived by online communicators as contributing to the effectiveness of corporate online communication. A marketing public relations (MPR) perspective is applied to assess the contribution of credibility, trust and long-term relationships to effective corporate online communication.

Q methodology is used as the research method and Q sorting as the means of data collection. Credibility, trust, long-term relationships and their composite factors are tested among 20 communicators and 20 receivers of corporate online communication. The participants' sortings of statements are first compared by means of Q factor analysis and then analysed. Four factors are ultimately identified that are perceived to contribute to effective corporate online communication by communicators and receivers: trust, responsibility, efficiency and meaningful relationships.