Ethnic identity and attitudes toward the police among African American juvenile offenders

Although there is a knowledge base regarding theoretical and empirical research on attitudes toward the police, this line of research has not fully examined the sources of such attitudes, and in particular the extent to which attitudes toward the police are influenced by ethnic identity. The present study examined the role of ethnic identity in African American adolescent offenders' perceptions of general police discrimination, direct police contact, procedural justice, and police legitimacy. Analyses showed that youth with a stronger sense of ethnic identity perceived more police discrimination but reported more positive beliefs about police legitimacy. The findings underscore the importance of considering processes that may make legal socialization experiences more salient for adolescents, and demonstrate the complex role that ethnic identity plays in relation to discrimination.     

Fifteen guns

Food Planning for Four Hundred Millions. By Radhakamal Mukerjee, Ph.D. 8 3/4” x 5 3/4”. Pp. xx+268. London: Macmillan. 1938. 7s. 6d.

The Wheel of Health. By G. T. Wrench, M.D. (Lond.). London: The C. W. Daniel Company, Ltd. No date. Pp. 146. Frontispiece. Price 6s.

The Mediterranean in Politics. By Elizabeth Monroe. 9"x6”. Pp. ix+ 259. Oxford University Press. 1938. 10s.

Foreign Affairs, 1919 to 1937. By E. L. Hasluck. Cambridge University Press. 8s. 6d. net.

Kamal Atatuf k's Land. The Evolution of Modern Turkey. By August Ritter von Krai. Translated by Kenneth Benton, published by Wilhelm Braunmuller, Universitats‐Verlagsbuchhandlung, Wien‐Leipzig. 1938.

Anglo‐Russian Relations Concerning Afghanistan 1837–1907. By William Habberton. Illinois Studies in die Social Sciences. Vol. XXI. No. 4. Published by the University of Illinois at Urbana, 1937. Paper covers. Price $1.50. Pp. 102. Two maps.

Q.V.O. Corps of Guides. The History of the Guides, 1846–1922. Gale and Polden.

The Greeks in Bactria and India. By W. W. Tarn, Litt.D. 9 1/2” x 6 1/2”. Pp. xxiv+540. Plate and three maps. Cambridge University Press. 1938. 30s.

The Valley of Flowers. (The Bhyundar Valley, Kamet Massif.) By Frank S. Smythe. 9” x 6”. Pp. xiv + 322. Sixteen coloured photographs. Two maps. Hodder and Stoughton. 18s.

Black River of Tibet. By John Hanbury‐Tracy. 8 3/4” x 5 3/4”. Pp. xiv + 305. 1938. Frederick Muller, Ltd. 12s. 6d. net.

Studien zur arabischen Musik auf Grund gegen wärtigen Theorie und Praxis in Ägypten von Alfred Berner. Schriftenreihe des Staatlichen Instituts fur Deutsche Musikforschung, II. 10” x 7”. Pp. 71 letterpress, 46 music, 3 addenda. Leipzig: Kister u. Siegel. RM. 4.

The Spoken Arabic of Iraq. By John Van Ess. Second edition. 7 1/4” x 4 1/4”. Pp. 280. Oxford University Press. 1938.

Other Ranks of Kut. By P. W. Long, M.M., Flight‐Sergeant, R.A.F.

L'Evolution Politique de 1'Iran. By M. Nakhai. Preface by M. H. Gregoire. 8 1/2” x 6 1/2”. Pp. xiv+158. Edition J. Felix. Brussels. 1938.

Silvestre de Sacy: ses Contemporains et ses Disciples. By Henri Deherain. Paul Geuthner. Paris. 150 francs.

Les Tribus Montagnardes de L'Asie Antérieure. Quelques aspects sociaux des populations Kurdes et Assyriennes. Par P. Rondot. Bulletin d'Etudes Orientates. Annee, 1936.

Week‐end Caravan. Compiled and edited by S. Hillelson. 61” x 51”. Pp. 352. Illustrated. Edinburgh: William Hodge. 7s. 6d. net.

The Message of the Gita, as Interpreted by Sri Aurobindo. Edited by Anilbaran Roy. 9 1/2” x 6 1/2”. Pp. xiv+281. Allen and Unwin. Agents in India: Allied Publishers and Stationery Manufacturers, Ltd. 1938. 7s. 6d. or Rs. 5 net.

Himalayas of the Soul: Translations from the Sanskrit of the principal Upanishads. By J. Mascaro, M.A. Cantab., Reader of English, University of Barcelona. Preface by Sir S. Radhakrishnan. Foreword by E. J. Thomas, M.A., Litt.D. Wisdom of the East Series. 6 1/2” x 5”. Pp. 93. John Murray. 1938. 3s. 6d. net.

The Psalm of Peace. An English translation of Guru Arjun's "Sukh‐mani.” By Teja Singh, M.A. With a Foreword by Nicholas Roérich. 7 1/2 x 5”. Pp. xviii + 122. Oxford University Press. 3s.

A History of Chinese Philosophy. The Period of the Philosophers. By Fung Yu‐lan, Ph.D. Translated by Derk Bodde, with Introduction, Notes, Bibliography and Index. Peiping: Henri Vetch. London: George Allen and Unwin. 1937. £15s.

Comptes‐rendus de Onze Années (1923–1933) de Séjour et d'Ex‐ploration dans le Bassin du Fleuve Jaune, du Pai Ho et des autres Tributaires du Golfe du Pei Tcheuly. Par Emile Licent, S.J. Tome III. (1930–1933) and Tables. Tientsin, China: Mission de Sienhsien. Agent de Vente, Henri Vetch, French Bookstore, Peking. 1936.

Affairs of China. By Sir Eric Teichman. Methuen and Co., Ltd. 12s. 6d.

Japan the Hungry Guest. By G. C. Allen. Allen and Unwin. 10s. 6d.

Japan's Gamble in China. By Freda Utlcy. Seeker and Warburg. 6s.

Sunburst. By Lorol Schofflocher. 8 3/4” x 5 1/2”. Pp. 320. Nineteen illustrations. London: Rider and Co. 1937.

Mi Fu on Ink‐Stones. A Study of the Yen‐shih. With Introduction and Notes by R. H. Van Gulik. Pp. xii+72. Illustrations and map of stone sites. Peking: Henri Vetch. 13s. 6d.

Buried Bethlehem. By D. R. Chalmers‐Hunt. 9 1/2” x 6 1/4”. Pp. vi + 46./ Historical Research Publishing Co. 1938. 5s.

The Antiquities of South Arabia. Being a translation from the Arabic, with Linguistic, Geographic and Historic Notes of the Eighth Book of Al‐Hamdani's Al‐Iklil. By Nabih Amin Faris. Pp. 119. One map. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press. 1938. English price us. 6d.

Ostturkistan Zwischen den Grossmächten. Ein Beitrag zur Wirtschafts‐kunde Ostturkistans. By Dr. Fuad Kazak. From Osteuropaische Forschun‐gen, Vol. XXIII. Pp. 160. Prussia: Osteuropa‐Verlag, Königsberg. 1937. M. 7.50.

The Russian Workers’ Own Story. By Boris Silver. 7 1/2 x 5 1/4” . Pp.iv + 251. George Allen and Unwin, Ltd. 1938. 7s. 6d.

Women in the Soviet East. By Fannina W. Halle. Translated from the German by Margaret M. Green. Pp. 351; bibliography and index. Seventy‐seven plates in half‐tone and sketch‐map. 8vo. Martin Seeker and Warburg, Ltd. 1938.

Assignment in Utopia. By Eugene Lyons. 1937.     

An exploratory study in methods of distinguishing destructive cults

Abstract

Drawing extensively on academic and anti cult literature and paying particular attention to theories of how cults become destructive, this small-scale exploratory study deconstructed 25 cults into a number of constituent behaviours, practices and beliefs. A preliminary multivariate analysis revealed that 7 behaviours might form the basis of discriminating destructive from more benign cults. These 7 behaviours, which were most closely correlated with overt destructive acts (mass suicide and mass murder) did distinguish the five demonstrably destructive religious cults (Aum Shinri Kyo. Order of the Solar Temple, Brunch Davidians, Heaven's Gate, Jim Jones Jonestown) associated with major loss of life from the remaining 20 cults examined. The exception to this was The House of Yahweh, which was not theoretically classified as destructive but was empirically classified as such in this analysis. The study demonstrated clear patterns of behaviour and beliefs that are at variance with those identified by other authors who have adopted a more conceptual approach.     

The development of a filter model for prioritising suspects in burglary offences

Abstract

This paper discusses the development of a filter model for prioritizing possible links in dwelling burglary. The filters utilize the central aspects of crime scene information that is available and accessible to investigators in burglary, namely geo-spatial, temporal, behavioural, and dwelling information. The proposed filters were analysed using a sample of 215 dwelling burglaries committed by 43 serial burglars (i.e. 5 offences each) in order to determine the sequence in which the filters should be considered in prioritizing possible linked offences. The results indicated that the following order (i.e. better performance to worse performance) was most effective at linking offences, utilizing: (1) geo-spatial information, (2) temporal aspects, (3) behavioural information and, lastly, (4) dwelling characteristics. Specifically, the results indicated that offences in close proximity to one another should be given priority. Further, any offence occurring within a 28-day span before or after the index offence should be given priority. The paper argues that behavioural and dwelling characteristics are less effective for linking than geo-spatial and temporal information because the former two aspects are influenced significantly by situational and contextual cues on offender decision-making.     

Factors associated with contact child sexual abuse in a sample of indecent image offenders

Abstract

This study explored a sample of 244 UK adult male offenders convicted of offences involving indecent images of children (IIOC): 120 had a previous contact child sexual offence (defined as dual offenders) and 124 had no evidence of an offence against a child (defined as non-contact offenders). Offender groups were compared regarding their socio-demographic characteristics, previous convictions and IIOC possession. Key discriminatory factors that differentiated dual offenders were: access to children, previous offence history, sexual grooming and possession of IIOC that depicts similar-aged victims. In contrast, non-contact offenders could be identified from their greater amount and wider range of IIOC possession. The results suggest a homology between Internet behaviours, IIOC possession and victim selection. Implications for law enforcement agencies are discussed in terms of assisting investigative prioritisation by identifying those most at risk of committing sexual abuse against children.     

Networking in the Penumbra: Public Management,Cooptative Links,and Distributional Consequences

ABSTRACT

Recently, some researchers have begun to emphasize that governance networks can have a “dark” side as well as a relatively benign one. This work thus far has mostly emphasized illegal and violent forms of action. But even networks that operate in accord with the law often include covert, or at minimum difficult-to-observe, ties and pathways of influence. Likewise, managers involved in networking engage in behavior that is only partially observable. They can use their discretion to shape network action in ways that are hard to discern—and therefore analyze. Research on such subjects is limited, and the practical results of such behavior can include lack of accountability as well as inequitable distribution of outputs and outcomes. This article shows that individual network nodes can work to bias the actions of the organization in ways that are likely to benefit the organization's more advantaged clientele. This study reports on tests for differential impacts of managerial interactions of and with various network partners. The argument is supported with an analysis of performance data from 500 organizations over an eight-year period. Networks and managerial networking can generate considerable benefits but can also have a less palatable impact that managers and scholars need to consider seriously.     

The Rise of ‘Politically Obligatory' Referendums: The 2005 French Referendum in Comparative Perspective

This article compares the use of the referendum in France by the President of the Republic with its use at the initiative of governments in other democracies. It strengthens the current view of a specificity of French referendums, consisting in their power-reinforcing use by the president, and relates it to the personal initiative and the French institutional culture. But French referendums have had other functions as well, like ensuring the adoption of legislation or increasing its legitimacy. Moreover, the use of the referendum for a variety of political ends is a dominant feature of government-initiated referendums in all countries. A straightforward relation between the type of initiative and the type of use of the referendum cannot however be drawn, just as between the initiative, or the use, and the democratic quality of the referendum. The final section focuses on the ‘politically obligatory’ referendum: from being a political resource in the hands of governments, government-initiated referendums are increasingly forced upon them. Two different reasons – appropriateness and pressures – have been found to be conducive to such a political obligation. The decision by the French president to hold a referendum on the EC Constitutional Treaty, which is closely analysed, provides a clear example of a politically obligatory referendum, in contrast to the traditional entrepreneurial use of the referendum by the president. Some decisions by other governments to submit the treaty to the people can also be interpreted in this way.     

Cultural Challenges to Democratization in Russia

Three historical forces having shaped Russia—the Land, the Church, and the West. Fifteen years after the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia remains the largest country on earth, with geopolitical interests in virtually every nation on the Eurasian continent and a fast-growing economy. The Russian Orthodox Church has resumed its place at the center of Russian culture, a culture that must be considered when assessing Russia's prospects for democratization. Likewise, Russians’ understanding of the West and democracy often suffers from misapprehensions that must be overcome in order for it to be attractive to Russia to move toward its own form of democracy. For U.S.-Russian differences today are primarily cultural, not ideological.