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11.
Claus Hofhansel 《West European politics》2013,36(2):191-207
This article questions the claim that the way German governments have responded to Muslim demands for accommodating Islam fits a German national model. The empirical focus is on Islamic religious instruction in five German Länder. The evidence presented shows that there is not one but several German models. Länder with Christian Democratic dominance were more supportive of confessional religious instruction than Länder where the left was stronger. At the same time Christian Democrats initially were more reluctant to extend the privilege of religious instruction to Muslim groups. In Länder where Article 7 III of the German constitution applied, corporatist hurdles were an obstacle for Muslim groups, but this was less the case in Berlin. Religion–state institutions are important for understanding how European countries have dealt with the growing presence of Islam, but it is equally important to understand the politically contested nature of these institutions. 相似文献
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Claus Ott 《Journal für Rechtspolitik》2009,17(4):255-262
Corporate Governance governs corporations. To discuss the law and economics of corporations, their performance on the market
and management control by legislation and government, is to discuss Corporate Governance. Now, Corporate Governance is being
challenged by a new concept to conceive the role of corporations in the world and to control their managers: this is the concept
of Corporate Social Responsibilty (CSR). This concept focuses on other than merely profit centered functions of corporations;
rather, performance of corporations is measured by criteria of good corporate citizenship. In the Non-Profit sector, corporations
also play a major role, although organizations in this sector typically differ from business corporations in several aspects.
Yet, deficits of transparency and control of NPO are being discussed here as well. The tendency is to draw from the concept
of corporate governance to develop appropriate remedies. Furthermore, the discussion of Corporate Social Responsibilty has
also made its way to the NPO sector. 相似文献
13.
Eszter Rockenbauer Claus Børsting Michael Stangegaard Rune Frank-Hansen Niels Morling 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2009,2(1):83-84
FTA Cards (GE Healthcare) have been used for more than 4 years in Denmark for the collection of buccal cells as reference samples in crime cases. Semi-automated protocols for STR typing of DNA on punches of FTA Cards are routinely used. In average, full STR profiles were generated from approximately 95% of the FTA Cards with a standard punching protocol, while partial or no STR profile were obtained from 5% of the samples. Here, the Qiagen BioRobot® EZ1 Workstation (Qiagen) and the EZ1 DNA Investigator Kit (Qiagen) was used to extract DNA from 29 FTA Cards from which a complete STR profile was not generated with the standard punching protocol. All 29 samples were successfully typed with the AmpF?STR® Identifiler™ PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems) and with the SNPforID 49plex SNP assay. The lowest amount of DNA that resulted in complete STR and SNP profiles was 80 pg. The STR and SNP profiles were identical to those generated from another sample collected from each of the 29 individuals. 相似文献
14.
Claus Brsting Juan J. Sanchez Hanna E. Hansen Anders J. Hansen Hanne Q. Bruun Niels Morling 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2008,2(4):292-300
The performance of a multiplex assay with 52 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) developed for human identification was tested on 124 mother–child–father trios. The typical paternity indices (PIs) were 105–106 for the trios and 103–104 for the child–father duos. Using the SNP profiles from the randomly selected trios and 700 previously typed individuals, a total of 83,096 comparisons between mother, child and an unrelated man were performed. On average, 9–10 mismatches per comparison were detected. Four mismatches were genetic inconsistencies and 5–6 mismatches were opposite homozygosities. In only two of the 83,096 comparisons did an unrelated man match perfectly to a mother–child duo, and in both cases the PI of the true father was much higher than the PI of the unrelated man. The trios were also typed for 15 short tandem repeats (STRs) and seven variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs). The typical PIs based on 15 STRs or seven VNTRs were 5–50 times higher than the typical PIs based on 52 SNPs. Six mutations in tandem repeats were detected among the randomly selected trios. In contrast, there was not found any mutations in the SNP loci. The results showed that the 52 SNP-plex assay is a very useful alternative to currently used methods in relationship testing. The usefulness of SNP markers with low mutation rates in paternity and immigration casework is discussed. 相似文献
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Sanchez JJ Børsting C Hallenberg C Buchard A Hernandez A Morling N 《Forensic science international》2003,137(1):74-84
We have developed a robust single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) typing assay with co-amplification of 25 DNA-fragments and the detection of 35 human Y chromosome SNPs. The sizes of the PCR products ranged from 79 to 186 base pairs. PCR primers were designed to have a theoretical Tm of 60 +/- 5 degrees C at a salt concentration of 180 mM. The sizes of the primers ranged from 19 to 34 nucleotides. The concentration of amplification primers was adjusted to obtain balanced amounts of PCR products in 8mM MgCl2. For routine purposes, 1 ng of genomic DNA was amplified and the lower limit was approximately 100 pg DNA. The minisequencing reactions were performed simultaneously for all 35 SNPs with fluorescently labelled dideoxynucleotides. The size of the minisequencing primers ranged from 19 to 106 nucleotides. The minisequencing reactions were analysed by capillary electrophoresis and multicolour fluorescence detection. Female DNA did not influence the results of Y chromosome SNP typing when added in concentrations more than 300 times the concentrations of male DNA. The frequencies of the 35 SNPs were determined in 194 male Danes. The gene diversity of the SNPs ranged from 0.01 to 0.5. 相似文献
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This work presents a procedure for the postmortem interval estimation in the presence of a rapid increase of ambient temperature occurred during the cooling phase. The resulting disturbance produced on the cooling curve is proved to obey a two-exponential law and is removed from the actually measured body temperature. This yields a theoretical/modified body temperature, which enables the estimation of the time since death by means of the standard Nomogram method. 相似文献
19.
In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu concluded that a constitutionof liberty could best be achieved, and had been achieved inBritain, by assigning three essentially different governmentalactivities to different actors. He was wrong. His mistaken conclusionrested on two errors. First, Montesquieu thought that the primaryexercise of powers could durably be divided only where thosepowers differed in kind. Second, Montesquieu failed to recognizethe lawmaking character of executive and judicial expositionof existing law. This article analyzes implications of Montesquieusmistakes for modern claims, both in Britain and in the UnitedStates, that liberty and the rule of law are promoted by separatingpower in certain contexts. In particular, this article questionsthe British Governments recent claim that the valuesunderlying separation-of-powers theory call for removing ultimateappellate jurisdiction from the House of Lords. It also tracesMontesquieus influence on the American foundersattempt to separate power along essentialist lines, and considerssome sub-optimal consequences of that attempt, including thenon-delegation quandary and the emergence of an unchecked judiciallawmaker. 相似文献
20.
Richard Dembo Max Dertke Claus D. Tjaden Carol Garrett Kenneth W. Wanberg 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1988,12(2):198-218
The relationships between child physical and sexual abuse and illicit drug use are little understood and underinvestigated.
Data gathered from a study of youths located in two different institutions for detained (Florida) and committed (Colorado)
youthful offenders permitted an examination of this issue. The results indicate the youths' physical and sexual abuse experiences
are significantly and positively related to their use of illicit drugs. The implications of these findings for further research
are drawn. 相似文献