Congressional Dominance and the International Trade Commission

This study examines the unfair trade decisions of the InternationalTrade Commission (ITC) and how they have been affected by Congress.It begins by identifying the means Congress can use to influenceITC decisions and then estimates both the extent to which thesemeans have been used and the extent to which they have shaped theITC's behavior. The study reaches two conclusions. First, Congresshas tried to shape the ITC's behavior, but it has not tried tomicromanage this behavior. Second, while the ITC's behavior hasbeen influenced by Congress, congressional influence is not asimportant as other factors, such as statutory criteria.     

环卫设施腐蚀问题的研究

针对环卫设施容易遭到垃圾及其降解产物的腐蚀问题 ,强调从设计入手重视腐蚀问题。并以北京市垃圾处理设施构筑物腐蚀为例 ,提出防腐蚀基本措施和工程实例 ,确保环卫设施的安全运行。     

市场经济形成中的犯罪违法现象——法律社会学的思考

<正> 社会治安和秩序近年来一直是人们所关心的问题之一。目前我国的社会治安和社会秩序不好是一个几乎不可否认的事实。不仅与经济联系的明显危害社会和公民的违法犯罪现象大量增加,其它类型的违法犯罪现象也明显增加。本文试图利用法律社会学的一些知识,结合历史的和外国的经验,特别是结合我国改革开放以来的一些社会变化探讨市场经济形成过程中有关违法犯罪的现象问题。首先,我想一般地探讨市场经济与违法犯罪现象的关系。其次,我将从法律社会学的角度探讨一下为什么我国社会主义市场经济建立和经济体制转换时期违法犯罪会增加。据此,我就如何在建设社会主义市场经济的条件下,预防违法犯罪的激增提出一些个人看法。     

引言

如果说,中国近代的法律改革大体上是引入西方的法律以改造中国固有的法律体系的话,那么这种改革又基本上可以归结为两种模式.一种模式是由输入国,亦即由我们中国人自己发动和主持的改革,可以说自清末以来的历次重大法律改革都是采取的这种模式.另一种模式则是由输出国(譬如英国)发动和主持的,香港和1898-1930年间的威海卫即是其典型的示例.这两种模式各有千秋,但是尚欠细致的比较.     

Antitrust in China: The Problem of Incentive Compatibility

This paper reviews China's recent efforts to enact a competitionpolicy (antitrust) law. We focus on three issues: (1) What isthe substance of the proposed law, and how does it differ fromexisting antitrust law in other countries, (2) How will thelaw be implemented or enforced, and how will those who mustimplement this law interpret their mandate, and (3) What willbe the likely effects of this law given China's unique historyand cultural heritage. We emphasize China's economic, legaland regulatory contexts in which an antitrust law may be enforced.Our central focus is the problem of establishing a substantiveand procedural legal framework that is incentive-compatiblewith economic efficiency and growth. The draft law could beimproved, both to increase its clarity and to make its enforcementmore consistent with the goal of achieving improvements in economicefficiency. Nevertheless, there is much merit in the draft,especially its strong focus on reducing anticompetitive practicesof state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and other government bodies.However, our major difficulty with the new law is that, in theabsence of a tradition of reliance on the rule of law, Chineseand foreign enterprises will find it very difficult to relyon the antitrust statute or the actions of the courts in Chinaas a basis for predicting the antitrust liability that mightresult from various business practices. Therefore, the principalvector by which antitrust law (or indeed any law) affects economicbehavior is absent from the Chinese scene. Unless the bureaucracythat enforces the new antitrust law actively pursues a policyof consistent enforcement based on written guidelines, staredecisis, or other sources of predictability, the substance ofthe statute itself will have little significance. That outcomewould represent a significant loss for the economic welfareof the Chinese people.     

Work,fertility, and the status of women in Mexico

Among the major transformations affecting Mexican women in recent decades were their growing participation in the labor market and the fertility decline that began in the 1970s with widespread access to contraception. Data from 3 major Mexican fertility surveys, employment surveys, and censuses are used to analyze changes in female employment and their determinants during the years of economic recession in the 1980s. The main characteristics of the Mexican fertility decline are described, and the relationship between fertility and female employment before and during the economic recession is scrutinized for different social sectors. Suggestions for research on the affects of these changes on the social condition of Mexican women are then presented. The proportions of Mexican women over 12 years old who declared themselves economically active increased from 16% in 1970 to 21% in 1979 and 32% in 1987. Until the 1970s the majority of employed women were young and single or childless. But a clear increase occurred between 1976-87 in the economic participation of older women in union. Economic participation of low income and less educated women increased as they sought work or created their own in response to deteriorating living conditions during the recession. Young women with intermediate or higher educational levels did not increase their relative presence in the labor market in the same period. The marked increase in economic participation of less educated women in union with small children was accompanied by a significant increase in manual occupations. Between 1982-87, the proportion of women aged 20-49 in nonsalaried manual occupations rose from 7.6% to 18.5%. Mexico's fertility decline has been well documented. The total fertility rate declined from 6.3 in 1973 to 3.8 in 1986, while the percentage of women in union using a contraceptive method increased from 30.2 in 1976 to 52.7 in 1987. Fertility differentials have been declining but are still considerable. The inhibitory influence of children on female labor force participation in Mexico is clear, but in the years of economic recession the most notable increase in female workers was in women with 3 or more children of whom the youngest was under 3. It appears that the influence of children on women's employment depends on the socioeconomic status of the woman as well as on the dynamism or sluggishness of the labor market. Research is needed on the significance of changes in fertility and female employment for women's status in Mexico. Several recent works have presented results of microsocial analyses of the ways in which women experience changes in their lives resulting from fertility and employment decisions. A methodological strategy for studying these changes and their influence on women's status should focus on comparisons between different generations and birth cohorts, different types of employment, and different socioeconomic statuses. Both macrosocial and microsocial forms of analysis are needed to provide a full picture.     

略论住房按揭中购房人权益的保护

购房人权益应是住房按揭法律制度的首要内容 ,但我国相关立法对此却缺乏明确规定。本文探讨了住房按揭中购房人权益保护的几个具体问题 ,并对完善我国有关制度建设提出了有益的建议     

艾滋病与社会排斥

随着艾滋病病毒感染人数的直线上升,我国已处于控制艾滋病蔓延的关键时刻。要成功实现艾滋病防治目标,需要全社会的自觉和合力。然而,在艾滋病防治过程中,社会排斥却成了摆在我们面前的最大困难。本文旨在分析我国艾滋病患者遭受社会排斥的状况及其原因,在此基础上提出针对性建议。     

新生产力观与可持续发展

可持续发展观是针对传统发展模式的弊端而提出的新发展战略。它要求经济发展与人口、资源和环境相协调,实现人与自然相和谐。新生产力观是可持续发展战略的必然要求,它强调以人为本,人是生产力发展的最终目的,在生产力发展过程中实现人与自然的统一。同时新生产力观也为可持续发展提供智力支持和观念保证。