亲权指数计算的新方法

目的介绍一种亲权指数（paternity index,PI）计算的新方法。方法假定亲代的等位基因都要经过一个转变的过程才发生分离并遗传给子代。每个亲代的等位基因与子代相同时,其转变概率为1;当不相同时,其转变概率为0。且每个亲代的等位基因都有1/2的机会遗传给子代。据此,可以计算出孩子从争议父或母亲获得等位基因的概率。而随机男子提供等位基因给孩子的概率为等位基因频率。相应地算出PI值公式中的分子（X）和分母（Y）值。结果推导得到了一个能够计算三联体、二联体和失踪孩子案PI值的通用计算公式。结论本PI计算公式在亲子鉴定PI值计算上具有实用价值。     

MiniFiler及Yfiler试剂盒无创产前亲子鉴定的可能性探究

目的采用Mini Filer~(TM)及YFiler~(TM)试剂盒对孕妇血浆进行STR分型,评估上述试剂盒进行无创产前亲子鉴定的可行性。方法采用Mini Filer~(TM)及YFiler~(TM)试剂盒,对2例成人男性的全血及血浆进行STR分型,评估血浆检材的分型准确率及适用性;对8组已知亲子关系的孕妇家系(4组非父,4组亲父,均为男胎样本)采用Mini Filer~(TM)及YFiler~(TM)试剂盒进行STR分型,对STR分型图谱直接观察,总结归纳孕妇血浆STR图谱的特征,探讨进行无创产前亲子鉴定的可行性。结果血浆检材的STR分型结果与全血STR分型结果 100%一致,且等位基因峰高接近,表明血浆是一类可以进行STR分型的检材;观察8组孕妇血浆检材的STR分型图谱,可获得2~5个可用(含胎儿STR信息)Mini-STR位点,1~8个可用Y-STR位点,且在位点充足的情况下(6个),肯定父权家系可计算累计父权指数达192 653,否定父权家系中有3~7个位点支持否定父权。结论采用Mini Filer~(TM)及Yfiler~(TM)试剂盒对孕妇血浆进行STR分型,存在进行无创产前亲子鉴定的可能性。     

标准三联体非父排除率计算公式的推导和验证

目的对标准三联体亲子鉴定的非父排除率(PE)进行公式推导和实验验证。方法基于PE定义自行推导公式:PE=sum(P_i~2(1-P_i)~2)from i=1 to n+sum(P_iP_j(1-P_i)~3)from ij to n+sum(P_iP_j(1-P_j)~3)from ij to n+sum(P_iP_j(P_i+P_j)(1-P_i-P_j)~2)from ij to n。将该公式与前人报道的5个公式(1)~(5)进行对比,计算AGCU EX20系统19个常染色体STR基因座的PE值。根据1 000例单亲样本和1 000个无关个体样本设计真实实验,计算PE真实实验值。以随机模拟法产生1 000万对模拟亲母子和1 000万个随机个体,设计模拟实验计算PE模拟实验值。在19个基因座,统计各基因座的等位基因频率之和(S),将PE的公式值、真实实验值和模拟实验值进行对比。结果当S=1时,公式(1)、(2)、(5)、(6)计算结果完全一致,且符合真实和模拟双重实验验证。当S≠1时,公式(1)、(2)、(5)、(6)计算结果有较小误差。公式(3)、(4)的计算结果有较大误差。结论本研究推导的公式(6)与经典公式(1)、(2)、(5)均可用于标准三联体亲子鉴定。S值对PE公式计算有一定影响。     

二联体亲权鉴定风险分析

目的探讨二联体亲权鉴定时存在的风险。方法选取22组经Goldeneye~(TM) 20A试剂盒检测后只有一个或没有不符合基因座的无关个体对构建假想家系。对其增加检测STRtyper-10G和/或AGCU 21+1 STR系统直至所有组不符合基因座个数大于3个,累积父权指数(CPI)不大于0.000 1。以三种规则:(1)不符合基因座数大于3个;(2)CPI值小于0.000 1;(3)同时满足(1)和(2),作为排除依据,使用不同数量的基因座(19个、26个、39个和46个)进行检测,讨论无关个体对的排除情况是否存在差异。结果 22组无关个体对,使用19个基因座和39个基因座以上的检测系统达到排除结果的分别为0组和22组。结论二联体亲子鉴定,使用19个基因座进行检测仍存在结果错判,39个基因座以上的检测系统能更有效的避免二联体的鉴定风险。     

HLA 分型用于亲子鉴定10例报告

本文报导了10起亲子鉴定案例的 HLA 分型结果,并进行了遗传学分析和讨论。结果提示 HLA 分型是一种比较准确地解决亲子纠纷的方法。     

D6S1043和D12S391基因座在亲权鉴定中的应用

目的研究D6S1043和D12S391基因座在亲权关系鉴定案件中的应用价值。方法应用荧光标记复合扩增系统对日常检案中所收集的192名汉族无关个体血样DNA进行PCR扩增,用ABI3100-Avant遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行毛细管电泳,用GeneMapperv3.2软件进行基因分型,统计分析D6S1043和D12S391基因座的多态信息。结果在D6S1043和D12S391基因座分别发现12个等位基因,它们在中国汉族人群中的个体识别能力分别为0.9656和0.9510,二联体非父排除率分别为0.573和0.510,三联体非父排除率分别为0.731和0.679。结论D6S1043和D12S391基因座具有高度多态性,在亲权鉴定中具有重要应用价值。     

Child-related leave and women’s labour market outcomes: towards a new paradigm in the European Union?

The current European Union (EU) legislative framework on child-related leave is facilitating an imbalance in the take-up of leave by women over men. There is a consolidated EU right to maternity leave for mothers but there is no parallel EU right to paternity leave for fathers. The EU right to parental leave is for both working mothers and fathers, but its design does not encourage an equal take-up by women and men. The aim of this article is to gain insight into the effects of child-related leave on women’s labour market outcomes. On the one hand, it reviews and analyses economic literature which points to the adverse consequences of leave on women’s earnings, and even on women’s labour market participation when the absences from work are very prolonged. On the other hand, it underlines the new direction followed by the European Commission towards greater equality between men and women at home and at work.     

A Multi-Level Conceptual Model to Examine Child Welfare Worker Turnover and Retention Decisions

There is little disagreement about the importance of a healthy stable workforce in promoting effective provision of child welfare services. This review proposes a multi-level conceptual model of child welfare workforce turnover combining traditional individual and organizational impacts with factors associated with community context. Identified gaps in the literature along with a related research agenda are reviewed. Also presented is an overview of the Florida Study of Professionals for Safe Families, a longitudinal study of new hires into the child welfare workforce across Florida, providing opportunities to address gaps and test model characteristics regarding turnover decisions and related outcomes.     

The impact of the family and medical leave act

This article uses data from employer surveys and the March Current Population Survey to investigate the impact of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) on coverage, leave‐taking, employment, and earnings. The variation in state laws prior to the FMLA and the variation in coverage under the FMLA provides a “natural experiment” in which the effect of the law can be compared for treatment and con‐trol groups. Although the FMLA covers less than half of workers in the private sector (many of whom already had coverage pre‐FMLA), this article finds that leave cover‐age and usage did increase post‐FMLA. The other surprising finding is that this mandated benefit had no significant negative effects on women's employment or wages. ©1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

工作场所产假和哺乳期女职工权益保护研究

2021 年,中国正式实施三孩政策,并提出要完善三孩政策配套措施。由于我国女性就业率居世 界前列,三孩政策下企业用工成本上升与女职工生育保护之间的矛盾将会更加突出。基于全国工作场所产假及 哺乳期女职工权益保护问卷调查数据和深度访谈资料,本研究在系统梳理国内外工作场所生育保护相关法律制 度的基础上,对深度访谈和调查问卷加以呈现和分析,并对完善我国产假和哺乳制度及其配套设计提出政策建 议：在全社会植入生育保护的理念;全面评估和改善我国的生育假期制度;发挥政府、雇主和工会三方机制作用, 落实工作场所生育保护;适应女职工哺乳需求,创新工作场所哺乳保护。