Canadian Police Mothers and the Boys’ Club: Pregnancy,Maternity Leave,and Returning to Work

This article explores police mothers’ perceptions of their workplace experiences during pregnancy and maternity leave and returning to work. Using Charmaz’s (2014 Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. London, UK: Sage. [Google Scholar]) constructivist grounded theory with a critical feminist lens, qualitative interviews were conducted with 16 police mothers in the province of Ontario, Canada. Our analysis reveals that policewomen work inordinately hard to prove physical and emotional strength in an attempt to be accepted into policing’s boys’ club; encounter negative workplace responses to pregnancy; are often demoted or reassigned during maternity leave; and need to re-prove themselves as officers upon returning to work. Our research aims to enhance retention and foster changes that will best support police mothers, police organizations, and the communities they serve.     

海南汉族人群19个STR基因座遗传多态性及其应用

目的建立海南地区汉族人群19个常染色体STR基因座的遗传多态性数据资料,并探讨此19-STR基因座系统在亲子鉴定中的应用。方法对海南汉族462例无血缘关系个体,采用Goldeneye~(TM) 20A系统复合扩增并检测,得到19个STR基因座的遗传数据信息;在283例亲子鉴定案例中,评价19-STR基因座系统的应用。结果 19个STR基因座的基因频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P0.05),杂合度在0.603~0.914之间,累积个体识别率大于0.999 999 999 999 999,累积三联体非父排除率为0.999 999 994。283例亲子鉴定中,三联体170例,二联体113例;认定案例247例(87.3%),排除案例36例(12.7%);发生等位基因突变案例14例(4.9%),均为一步突变。结论 19个STR基因座中的14个基因座具有高度遗传多态性,19-STR基因座复合扩增分型系统具有较高的非父排除效能,可满足海南地区亲子鉴定的需要,同时应注意亲子鉴定中的基因突变现象。     

河南汉族群体20个常用STR基因座突变分析

目的观察20个常染色体STR基因座突变在河南汉族人群中的分布情况。方法从3011例确认亲子关系的亲子鉴定案例中筛查基因突变事件,确定突变来源,统计各STR基因座的突变率,分析突变规律并与部分不同地区的人群STR基因座突变情况进行比较分析。结果在20个STR基因座中观察到19个基因座的发生的76次突变事件,平均突变率为0.08%累计突变率达到1.662 9%;父、母源性突变的比率大致为8:1;河南汉族人群在Penta E和D12S391基因座突变率明显低于北方汉族人群(P0.05);在D6S1043、CSF1PO和D12S391基因座突变率明显低于广东人群(P0.05);在CSF1PO基因座突变率明显低于云南汉族人群(P0.05)。结论 STR基因座突变现象较为常见,不同基因座的突变率存在着明显的地区差异。     

A single mutation in the FGA locus responsible for false homozygosities and discrepancies between commercial kits in an unusual paternity test case

We report an unusual paternity test case showing multiple peculiarities. Using AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus and AmpFlSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification kits, the alleged father and the two children were apparently homozygous at the FGA locus, but using the PowerPlex 16 kit the three individuals were found to be heterozygous. Drop-out was caused by a single mutation event in the presumptive binding site of the reverse primer. In addition, three inconsistencies were detected between the daughter and the alleged father among 18 STR markers. The occurrence of the rare null allele at the FGA locus and case history suggested that the true father was the brother of the alleged father. Furthermore, a single-step repeat maternal mutation was also detected at D16S539. This puzzling case was solved by using multiple analytical approaches, including the use of different primer pairs, the use of a high number of STR markers, and the characterization of the mutation causing the "null allele."     

Combining autosomal and Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat data in paternity testing with male child: methods and application

Paternity testing is being increasingly requested with the aim of challenging presumptive fatherhood. The ability to establish the biological father is usually based on the genotyping of autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) in alleged father, mother and child, but the use of Y-chromosomal STR has gained interest in the last few years. In this work, we propose a new probabilistic approach that combines autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR data in paternity testing with father/son pairs taking into account mutation events. We also suggest a new two-stage approach where we first type Y-STRs and possibly autosomal STR for the putative father and son, conditional on Y-STR results. We applied this approach to 22 cases. Our results show that Y-STRs can identify nonpaternity cases with high accuracy but need to be validated with autosomal STR to establish paternity. Moreover, the two-stage approach is less costly than the standard approach and is very useful in motherless cases.     

Resolving paternity relationships using X-chromosome STRs and Bayesian networks

X-chromosomal short tandem repeats (X-STRs) are very useful in complex paternity cases because they are inherited by male and female offspring in different ways. They complement autosomal STRs (as-STRs) allowing higher paternity probabilities to be attained. These probabilities are expressed in a likelihood ratio (LR). The formulae needed to calculate LR depend on the genotype combinations of suspected pedigrees. LR can also be obtained by the use of Bayesian networks (BNs). These are graphical representations of real situations that can be used to easily calculate complex probabilities. In the present work, two BNs are presented, which are designed to derive LRs for half-sisters/half-sisters and mother/daughter/paternal grandmother relationships. These networks were validated against known formulae and show themselves to be useful in other suspect pedigree situations than those for which they were developed. The BNs were applied in two paternity cases. The application of the mother/daughter/paternal grandmother BN highlighted the complementary value of X-STRs to as-STRs. The same case evaluated without the mother underlined that missing information tends to be conservative if the alleged father is the biological father and otherwise nonconservative. The half-sisters case shows a limitation of statistical interpretations in regard to high allelic frequencies.     

突变情形下亲权指数计算的新方法

目的介绍一种常染色体共显性遗传标记突变时的亲权指数（paternity index,PI）计算法。方法假定突变的等位基因在传给孩子之前以一突变概率发生突变．然后发生分离以1／2的机会传给孩子。而随机男子提供某一等位基因给孩子的概率为等位基因频率。一个案例中考虑仅有一次突变,通过比较亲代和子代的等位基因确定突变等位基因,分别算出被检男子和随机男子是孩子生父时,出生该孩子的基因型的概率,并计算出相应的PI值。结果推导出三联体、二联体和孩子失踪案中有突变（包括母亲突变）时PI的计算公式。结论本方法中考虑突变时的PI计算方法易于理解和掌握,在亲权鉴定实践中易于使用。     

DNA profile evidence in complex disputed paternity cases: The analysis of 300 real cases

In disputed paternity cases where the putative father is unavailable DNA from one or more of his relatives could be used. However, interpreting results is often difficult, because of the partial information regarding the parental genotype obtained from his relatives. We analyzed results obtained in 300 real paternity cases performed through close relatives of the real father (sib, half-sibs, one grandparent and/or uncle). DNA was typed with PowerPlex (Promega) and the LR estimated with the Software BDGen. As expected the higher LR values were achieved with sibs and half-sibs (in such cases where his/her mother was available for testing). The LR values were tight related to the number of uninformative loci, which varied between 0 and 13. In 10% of the reviewed cases, 10 or more non-informative loci were observed; all of them associated LR values below 0.01. Thus, providing evidence in favor of no relatedness.     

87例亲权鉴定案例分析

<正> 1987年5月至1991年3月,我室共接受亲权鉴定案87例,占我室同期总鉴定例数的44%,现将资料整理报告如下。材料与方法一、材料来源87例亲权鉴定案中,62例由湖北、湖南、河南、江西、江苏省各地、县、市及武汉地区司法机关送检,占71.3%,22例为自诉案件,占25.3%,其余3例由主管计划生育部门委托鉴定,占3.4%。     

论身份权请求权

身份权请求权是民事权利保护的请求权体系中的一种。现代身份权完全区别于历史上的身份权,具有现代的特质。基于身份权的现代特质,身份权请求权具有独特而必要的法律地位。身份权请求权包括妨害预防请求权、妨害排除请求权和违反身份权相对效力而产生的身份权请求权,而确定身份权的请求权不属于身份权请求权的内容。身份权请求权在诉讼上表现为给付之诉。