试论合同权利转让的通知问题

在合同权利转让过程中,权利转让的事实是在转让人和受让人之间发生的,债务人毫不知情,权利是在权利人掌握之中。通知的目的是要让债务人知晓这个事实,及时向受让人履行义务,使受让人真正实现合同权利转让的权利利益。无论通知人是转让人还是受让人,只要债务人知晓合同权利转让的事实,即应当产生相同的法律效果。     

Communist socialization and post-communist economic and political attitudes

We investigate the effect of individual exposure to communism on support for democracy and capitalism. We examine whether this effect varies across different types of communism, at different periods of people's lives, in different countries, and across different types of individuals. To do so, we propose a modified approach to solving the APC problem that relies on (a) survey data from multiple countries (b) historically defined cohorts and (c) variation in the time-periods related to these cohorts across countries. We provide a series of robustness tests for the method, and show that results are not very sensitive to panel structure. We conclude that generally communism had an indoctrinating effect, with more exposure to communism resulting in more opposition to democracy and capitalism.     

台湾集团企业转型发展对经济转型的影响

20世纪80年代中期至20世纪末,是台湾集团企业转型发展的重要时期。主要表现为,一是在制造业领域加快技术密集型产业发展;二是服务业逐步成为其最重要的经营领域;三是加速开拓海外及大陆市场,注重全球化运营。导致这种发展变化的主要原因在于台湾内外经营环境发生了巨大变迁,而同时台湾当局采取积极的扶持政策措施。集团企业的转型发展使其自身获取了新的成长空间,经济实力急剧扩张,更重要的是,对促进台湾产业结构升级与经济体制的转变发挥了主导性或重大的作用,并推动两岸经贸关系的升级。     

Regulation by litigation

We believe that careful application of the logic of economics and public choice shines important light on regulation through litigation and can explain at least partly why regulators choose the litigation route, when they choose it, and how the choice may or may not achieve broad goals of efficiency and fairness. We present three case studies: heavy‐duty diesel engines, silica and asbestos, and the tobacco industry's Master Settlement Agreement (MSA).     

公共物品理论的反思——兼论需求溢出理论下的民生政策思路

公共物品理论近年来在学界相当流行,但该理论本身在西方少有共识,歧见颇多,有必要重新反思。由该理论推导的民生政策追求民生服务的无差别化——民生服务无差别供给(普惠制)和民生成本无差别分担,而需求溢出理论的民生政策思路则追求民生服务的差别化——民生服务按需供给、民生成本差别分担,主张政府应采用补强弱者跟上市场的方式来保障民生。     

傅里叶红外光谱技术在法医学脑挫裂伤鉴定中的应用展望

脑挫裂伤是常见的一类颅脑损伤,单纯的组织病理学技术可能难以早期发现及精确诊断。傅里叶变换红外面扫描成像技术(FTIR-mapping)是病理学研究领域的新技术,因其结合了傅里叶变换红外光谱、红外显微镜技术以及面扫描成像技术的特点,具有测定方法简便、对样本无损、灵敏度高、准确、直观等优点,突破了传统技术的局限,能检测出发生了物质数量、结构以及构象变化但缺乏明显形态学变化的脑挫裂伤,从而实现早期精准地诊断脑挫裂伤。FTIR-mapping虽已能绘制某些损伤组织的红外光谱病理图像,但其在法医病理学中的价值有待全面深入开发。本文综述了脑挫裂伤的法医病理学研究进展以及傅里叶变换红外面扫描成像技术在法医病理学中的应用。     

新冠肺炎疫情防控与全球卫生治理--以世界卫生组织改革为主线

新冠肺炎疫情是当前国际社会遇到的极为严重的公共卫生安全危机,不但给全球政治经济发展带来前所未有的挑战,也对全球卫生治理机制构成史无前例的压力测试。作为全球卫生治理最重要的多边机制,世界卫生组织积极致力于新冠肺炎疫情防控,成为全球卫生安全命运共同体理念的"推动者"、全球抗疫合作的"协调者"、全球抗疫薄弱环节的"补位者"以及全球抗疫规范和技术的"提供者"。实际上,世界卫生组织一直通过机构改革来适应不断变化的全球卫生安全形势,优化和提升其全球卫生治理功能。特别是在谭德塞担任总干事后,世界卫生组织发起了该组织"历史上最广泛的改革",将项目规划、应急能力建设、对外关系和治理以及组织规范与标准作为其改革的四大支柱,使其全球卫生治理功能得到显著提升。然而,新冠肺炎疫情防控同样也暴露了世界卫生组织全球卫生治理功能的不足和局限。国际社会唯有诉诸通力合作、彰显责任担当,共同为以世界卫生组织为主体的全球卫生治理机制运作创造更有利的国际政治环境,新冠肺炎疫情方能尽快平息,全球卫生治理才能真正进入健康的运行轨道。     

Simulated approach to estimate the number and combination of known/unknown contributors in mixed DNA samples using 15 short tandem repeat loci

The calculation of likelihood ratios (LRs) for DNA mixture analysis is necessary to establish an appropriate hypothesis based on the estimated number of contributors and known contributor genotypes. In this paper, we recommend a relevant analytical method from the 15 short tandem repeat typing system (the Identifiler multiplex), which is used as a standard in Japanese forensic practice and incorporates a flowchart that facilitates hypothesis formulation. We postulate that: (1) all detected alleles need to be above the analytical threshold (e.g., 150 relative fluorescence unit (RFU)); (2) alleles of all known contributors should be detected in the mixture profile; (3) there should be no contribution from close relatives. Furthermore, we deduce that mixtures of four or more persons should not be interpreted by Identifiler as the LR values of 100,000 simulated cases have a lower expectation of exceeding our temporal LR threshold (10,000) which strongly supports the prosecution hypothesis. We validated the method using various computer-based simulations. The estimated number of contributors is most likely equal to the actual number if all alleles detected in the mixture can be assigned to those from the known contributors. By contrast, if an unknown contributor(s) needs to be designated, LRs should be calculated from both two-person and three-person contributions. We also consider some cases in which the unknown contributor(s) is genetically related to the known contributor(s).     

婚前按揭房产分别所有制的法理反思——以最高人民法院《婚姻法解释(三)》第10条为对象

《婚姻法解释(三)》颁布以来,引起了强烈的社会反响和学界争论,尤其是第十条,将婚前按揭房产认定为个人财产争议颇大.在具体制度方面,对分别财产制与共同财产制的关系加以探讨颇有必要；在价值层面,支持者重视与物权法、合同法的衔接,体现了效率价值,但忽视了家庭和谐价值；反对者认为该解释违反公平价值,但对形式公平与实质公平的关系缺乏探讨；本文从法理学角度,对上述问题进行了分析,着重以法社会学和法价值论的视角对此问题加以反思和探讨.     

Trade‐Offs,Limitations, and Promises of Big Data in Social Science Research

The promise of “big data” is a grand one. The collection and aggregation of massive datasets and the development of analytical tools by which to study these data is part of cutting‐edge efforts across scientific disciplines, with social, behavioral, and economic sciences leading the way in many of these efforts. There has been a recent rise in National Science Foundation funding for “big data” research across directorates that coincides with scholarly, public, and governmental attention to the topic. Nonetheless, there are limitations and trade‐offs to “big data” research, particularly as it corresponds to scientific modes of inquiry and the limited range of topics that fall under its umbrella, that must be recognized and incorporated into the general understanding of its long‐term promise.