What Role for Human Rights in Business?

The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) were endorsed by the United Nations Human Rights Council in June 2011, following the six‐year mandate of the Special Representative to the Secretary General (SRSG) on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. The SRSG developed a framework comprised of three pillars: (1) States have a duty to protect against human rights abuses committed by third parties, including business enterprises; (2) business enterprises have a responsibility to respect human rights; and (3) victims of business‐related human rights abuses need access to effective remedies. In particular, guiding principle (GP) 11 provides that business enterprises should respect human rights, that is, they should avoid infringing on the human rights of others and address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved. This article considers the implications of the Guiding Principles' framework for business; the continuing role of conventional accountability mechanisms in providing access to remedy for victims under the third pillar of the framework; and developments in ‘hard law', with a particular focus on the approach by the UK, since the introduction of the UNGPs, before turning, briefly, to the future for business and human rights.     

Cost‐Effectiveness of Early Childhood Interventions to Enhance Preschool: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Head Start Centers Enrolling Historically Underserved Populations

We evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of two early childhood interventions that use instructional coaching and parent coaching as levers for improvement. The study design allows us to compare the individual effects of each intervention as well as their combined effect on student outcomes. We find that teachers receiving instructional coaching improve their use of evidence‐based instructional practices, while families receiving parent coaching show increases in numerous responsive parenting behaviors associated with positive child outcomes. Both interventions demonstrate positive impacts on students, but only parent coaching shows statistically significant effects across a range of student outcomes. Instructional coaching alone is substantially less costly and may therefore be the most cost‐effective of the three treatment conditions; however, small sample sizes limit our ability to reach definitive conclusions. Policy simulations suggest that implementing these interventions could raise the overall cost‐effectiveness of Head Start by at least 16 percent.     

法律试行的成本效益分析

法律试行具有学习收益、反思收益、决策主体多元化收益和体系化日常化收益;但为此可能要付出引起上下位法律效力关系紊乱的代价。试行法律在法律实施过程中不断得以完善和强化,最终新法代替了旧法。这样的演进结果一旦形成,就具有一种自我捍卫和强化的机制。     

补救成本、价值损失抑或获益赔偿?——瑕疵履行救济的研究

瑕疵履行时,法院是施加救济成本还是价值损失的赔偿是合同法的难点之一。赔偿计算方式的选择必须体现期望损害赔偿的目标。目前流行的Peevyhouse规则、经济浪费规则和价值损失规则都有明显缺陷,而综合考虑意图、合理性以及政策则是目前规则的最好取代。而且获益赔偿可作为补救成本、价值损失之外的第三种可能实现期望损害赔偿目标的计算方式。我国现行《合同法》过于强调救济成本虽总体可行,但没有认真对待救济成本与价值损失之间的关系,也没有考虑获益赔偿的可能性,并不妥当。未来《合同法》应在此方面进一步完善。     

网络犯罪成因的几点思考

随着互联网逐渐进入人们的生活 ,在给人们带来巨大便利和实惠的同时 ,网络犯罪也日益突出。本文从网络犯罪的成本、网络伦理道德、计算机网络本身存在的安全漏洞三方面对网络犯罪的成因展开了分析。     

政府成本的经济学释义

政府成本首先是一个政治问题,但同时也是一个经济问题。从经济学视角界定,政府成本是政府为实现公共利益而行使职能时所产生的社会物质资源的耗费。理解经济学意义上的政府成本的关键是运用机会成本思想。     

环境行政规划的断片化分析

环境问题日益成为经济社会突出的问题,政府主导的环境行政规划,是对环境问题最直接的指南针。可是在目前阶段的环境行政规划中,还存在着很多的问题亟待解决。本文先引入环境行政规划的概念,分析目前我国环境行政规划的断片化现象,然后采用经济学中成本—收益的分析模型对目前环境行政规划立法与行政领域断片化现象产生的原因进行分析,继而得出如何解决环境行政规划断片化问题的方案。     

工资集体协商研究中的几个理论问题

我国工资集体协商理论研究中存在着一些模糊认识,主要表现在把工资与人工成本、工资集体协商主体与工资集体协商主体代表或代表组织、集体合同与工资专项集体合同相混同。对此,有必要加以澄清。     

对比研究视野下的中国卫生立法迫切性

本文以中美两国卫生立法对比研究为切人点探讨中国卫生立法的迫切性，在医疗控费、患者保护、医疗保险市场、医生监管等几个方面介绍了美国立法体系，从执行力、立法理念、前瞻性等环节上进行了对比分析，从差异上找出可改进之处。     

电子商务立法刍议

我国的电子商务立法 ,可先采用条例形式 ,在今后实践中再充实完善。电子商务法应设置总则 ;未满十周岁的儿童不能成为电子商务的主体 ,所产生的法律后果由监护人承担 ;认证机构应具有电子商务的主体资格。对签署、证据、成立等行为应作出效力规定 ;各级工商行政管理局是电子商务的行政管理机关 ,各级邮电管理局也应成为管理机关。当事人在交易中违反民事法律 (规 )、合同约定的 ,均应承担民事责任。