论侦破贿赂犯罪之有效对策

贿赂犯罪侦破难度大,不采用一定的策略、方法,很难实现打击的目的。笔者结合工作实际,针对当前贿赂犯罪的特点,从八个方面谈侦破这类犯罪的有效对策。     

论《刑事侦查》课堂教学实践观

实践的核心就是发挥个体的主观能动性 ,主动去认识世界和改造世界。这是对课堂教学观进行实践构造的基础。树立以学生为中心的教育主体观 ,并以此为基础来确定实践性教学原则。课堂教学要从传统的只重视认知性学习转变到以培养学生的创新精神和实践能力为重点的目标上来 ,教学内容的变革要从重视学科体系为主的书本知识转到对学生的全面影响上来 ,教学模式要从传统的单一讲授向多元化转变 ,教学手段要从传统的权威控制转变到以教学目标为导向上来     

论主动型侦查

为了对付新的犯罪情况而出现的主动型侦查──监控型侦查和诱导型侦查 ,在刑事侦查实践中有日益扩大应用的趋势。由于侦查权的特殊性和犯罪情况的新变化 ,主动型侦查有存在的必要。立法机关应当从适用的案件范围、适用的实质要件、适用的对象范围等方面对主动型侦查的合法性标准作出明确规制。     

冠状病毒感染性疾病尸体检验相关病原学检测回顾与展望

冠状病毒曾经给世界带来两次严重的人类间大流行,包括严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS)和中东呼吸综合征(Middle East respiratory syndrome,MERS),2019年岁末新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)再次引发了全球性的重大公共卫生事件。由于新型冠状病毒传染性较强,相关死亡病例的解剖工作难以广泛开展。本文对既往冠状病毒感染性疾病尸体检验相关的病原学检测情况进行回顾,介绍了临床上正在开展的新型冠状病毒的检测手段,旨在为开展COVID-19尸体检验相关的病原学检测和研究提供借鉴和参考。     

The distinction between discriminability and reliability in forensic science

Forensic science plays an increasingly important role in the criminal justice system; yet, many forensic procedures have not been subject to the empirical scrutiny that is expected in other scientific disciplines. Over the past two decades, the scientific community has done well to bridge the gap, but have likely only scratched the tip of the iceberg. We offer the discriminability-reliability distinction as a critical framework to guide future research on diagnostic-testing procedures in the forensic science domain. We argue that the primary concern of the scientist ought to be maximizing discriminability and that the primary concern of the criminal justice system ought to be assessing the reliability of evidence. We argue that Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis is uniquely equipped for determining which of two procedures or conditions has better discriminability and we also demonstrate how estimates of reliability can be extracted from this Signal Detection framework.     

基于上转换发光技术的尿液中吗啡及甲基苯丙胺快速定量检测方法研究

目的利用上转换发光免疫层析技术(UPT-LF)建立一种尿液中吗啡(MOP)及甲基苯丙胺(MET)快速定量检测方法并对其进行系统评价。方法以上转换发光纳米颗粒(UCP-NPs)作为生物示踪物,竞争模式免疫层析作为检测平台,建立可对尿液中MOP及MET进行定量检测的UPT-LF,即MOP-UPT-LF、MET-UPT-LF。以MOP-UPT-LF为代表,评价UPT-LF对痕量毒品检测极限,通过系列浓度标准品测定,评价定量检测能力。根据常规检测阈值,调整MOP-UPT-LF及MET-UPT-LF检测敏感性及线性范围,并评价其定量检测能力。以LC-MS、GC-MS分别作为MOP、MET检测的金标准,以胶体金免疫层析作为对照,对执法现场收集尿样进行检测,确定UPT-LF定性检测性能。对系列浓度MOP模拟阳性样本同时进行LC-MS及MOP-UPT-LF定量检测,对系列浓度MET模拟阳性样本同时进行GC-MS及MET-UPT-LF定量检测,评价UPT-LF定量检测性能。结果在痕量检测条件下,MOP-UPT-LF敏感性可达1ng/m L,线性范围为1~5000ng/m L(r=-0.98172,P<0.0005)。在常规检测条件下,MOP-UPT-LF敏感性为50ng/m L,线性范围调整为50~3000ng/m L(r=-0.98464,P<0.0005);MET-UPT-LF敏感性为100ng/m L,线性范围为100~5000ng/m L(r=-0.99964,P<0.0005)。就定性检测而言,MOP-UPT-LF及MET-UPT-LF均较优,灵敏度及特异度均为100%,与胶体金结果一致。就定量检测而言MOP-UPT-LF及MET-UPT-LF与定量确证方法LC-MS及GC-MS无显著差异。结论本研究建立MOP-UPT-LF、MET-UPT-LF方法,在满足快筛试剂快速简便的基础上,进一步实现了现场快速定量检测,为尿液中毒品的现场快速定量检测提供了技术保障。     

Evaluation of a Visualization Assay for Blood on Forensic Evidence

In forensics, bloodstains on dark fabrics might be invisible for the naked eye. Although several visualization, presumptive, and confirmatory blood tests have been developed, all have one or more disadvantages, especially on DNA analysis. We report here the use of a visualization assay that can visually detect blood drops up to 1/20 dilution. In this assay, the fabric is placed between two wet filter papers and covered by glass surfaces on both sides. Pressure is applied on the glass surfaces in which bloodstains transfer onto the filter papers through capillary forces. Detected stains can be tested with other more sensitive presumptive blood tests performed on the filter paper. Even more, DNA analysis can be performed on the transferred bloodstains. The presented visualization assay is easy to perform, extremely cheap, requires little hands on time, and does not affect bloodstain pattern analysis.     

In Situ Identification of Semen Stains on Common Substrates via Raman Spectroscopy,,

The spectroscopic identification of body fluids in situ is a major objective in forensic science. This approach offers the confirmatory, nondestructive, rapid, and on‐scene identification of various body fluids. Although Raman spectroscopy has shown tremendous promise toward this goal in prior proof‐of‐concept experiments, a significant challenge which still remains is substrate interference. Here, an approach for detecting semen stains in situ on various substrates using Raman spectroscopy is explored. Simulated semen evidence was prepared on skin, glass, and various fabrics. Raman data were accumulated from stains without any pretreatment using a common confocal mapping spectrometer using 785 nm laser excitation. The results demonstrate that the spectroscopic interferences encountered by substrates can be reduced and eliminated using a combination of existing subtraction techniques and chemometric models. Heterogeneous substrates proved most challenging, however, automatic subtraction treatment, and location of fluid hotspots was able to elucidate a clear spectroscopic signature of semen in every instance.     

情报主导侦查视角下侦查情报运行机制的重构

在情报主导侦查的革命性变革进程中,如何构建新的侦查情报运行机制是当前公安机关正在探索而又亟需解决的现实问题。新的情报机制的构建,应当是基于机制内涵本身所要求的侦查情报工作流程、侦查情报运行制度、侦查情报工作机构与情报队伍、侦查文化四个要素的有机重构,而这四者又在相辅相成、互相促进、互相影响的基础上形成一个稳定的合力系统。     

羧化胶乳凝集试验检测边缘无形体血清抗体的研究

利用边缘无形体可溶性抗原 ,以化学交联的方式致敏羧化胶乳制成胶乳抗原 ,成功地建立了一种检测牛边缘无形体血清抗体的胶乳凝集试验 (LAT)诊断方法。用制备的胶乳抗原分别检测瑟氏泰勒虫、双芽巴贝虫、衣原体、附红细胞体阳性血清 ,结果均为阴性 ;与边缘无形体标准阳性血清、免疫牛血清、流行区血清样品均呈明显的凝集反应。研究结果表明 ,LAT方法具有操作简单、快速、敏感性高、特异性强、成本低廉等优点 ,是一种特别适合于基层现场检测边缘无形体血清抗体的新方法。