专利药品价格影响要素的实证分析——基于美国1999年至2010年的数据分析

随着医疗改革的不断深入，专利药品价格已成为国内外学界和产业界关注的焦点。本文利用1999年至2010年美国面板数据对专利药品价格影响要素进行了实证分析，结果显示，专利保护期限、仿制药价格、人均国内生产总值对专利药品价格变动具有显著影响。在此基础之上提出相关的政策建议。     

Group Buying on the Upsurge

正LAST month I was invited out for a Korean barbecue by a 23-year-old Chinese friend of mine,Huang Xuesong.I gladly accepted the invitation and we had dinner together.After a good meal,it was time to pay the bill.As I rummaged in my bag for my purse,my friend stopped me:"No,it’s okay.I’ve already paid over the Internet,"he said.I won-     

Market segmentation and lender specialization in the primary and secondary mortgage markets

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of market segmentation and lender/purchaser specialization in the primary and secondary mortgage markets. It describes and assesses the 1990 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, which for the first time provide detailed information on the borrower and neighborhood racial and income characteristics of mortgage loan originations and securitizations in the primary and secondary mortgage markets. Evidence presented in the paper indicates that home purchase loan origination rates for black applicants—and, to a lesser degree, Hispanic applicants—appear to be significantly lower than those of other racial or ethnic groups. Similarly, the HMDA data reveal that home purchase mortgage origination rates in predominantly minority census tracts are significantly lower than those in predominantly white neighborhoods. The HMDA data also indicate a striking reliance of black borrowers on government‐backed forms of mortgage credit.

The paper further reveals that secondary market loan purchase distributions arrayed by borrower and neighborhood characteristics generally reflect those of home mortgage originations. The borrower and locational characteristics of home purchase loans acquired by the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) directly reflect that agency's legislated specialization in government‐backed loans, whereas the characteristics of loans acquired by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac for the most part derive from the borrower and geographic composition of conventional home purchase loan originations. Findings of analyses of HMDA data raise concern regarding the access of minority and low‐income households and neighborhoods to mortgage finance. Those results also raise some question as to whether the federally chartered agencies in the secondary market are adequately promoting the availability of mortgage credit to low‐ and moderate‐income and minority households.     

食品安全犯罪罪过形式探析——以风险社会为视角

面对风险社会中严峻的食品安全形势,作为法益保护重要工具的刑法,如何有效防范和控制风险是其自身的重要使命。但从我国现阶段食品安全犯罪刑事立法现状来看,由于其对此类犯罪所规定的罪过形式过于狭窄,导致无法有效防控。因此,应在适应社会发展需求的基础上整合立法资源,实现自我完善。     

Food and finance: the financial transformation of agro-food supply chains

This article draws upon existing literature to document and describe the rise of finance in food provisioning. It queries the role of financialization in the contemporary food crisis and analyzes its impacts upon the distribution of power and wealth within and along the generalized agro-food supply chain. A systematic treatment of key nodes in the supply chain reveals four key insights: (1) the line between finance and food provisioning has become increasingly blurred in recent decades, with financial actors taking a growing interest in food and agriculture and agro-food enterprises becoming increasingly involved in financial activities; (2) financialization has reinforced the position of food retailers as the dominant actors within the agro-food system, though they are largely subject to the dictates of finance capital and face renewed competition from financialized commodity traders; (3) financialization has intensified the exploitation of food workers, increasing their workload while pushing down their real wages and heightening the precarity of their positions, and (4) small-scale farmers have been especially hard hit by financialization, as their livelihoods have become even more uncertain due to increasing volatility in agricultural markets, they have become weaker vis-à-vis other actors in the agro-food supply chain, and they face growing competition for their farmland. The paper concludes by identifying themes for future research and asking readers to reimagine the role of finance in food provisioning.     

春秋战国时期粮食安全思想的传承与当代战略选择

粮食是人类生存和发展的基本物质条件，是关系国家安全、政治稳定与社会和谐的重要战略性资源。粮食安全化与政治化是国际政治研究的热点问题之一。鉴于此，重新发现中国春秋战国时期已形成的粮食安全思想，从粮食对国家安全、国家权力以及国家道义层次考察彼时粮食安全思想，具有重要的现实意义。“不生粟之国亡”，粮食安全是国家安全的基础；“富国以粟”，粮食是国家富强的保证；粮食关乎人心向背和国家道义。齐桓公为建立霸业实施了粮食外交与粮食战略，开创了现代粮食战争的先河。“不生粟之国亡”是中国春秋战国时期粮食安全思想的核心和根本，也是对中国古代粮食安全思想再发现的落脚点。基于此，当代中国粮食安全战略应立足于坚持独立自主原则，保障国内粮食生产，积极开展粮食外交，实行粮食“走出去”战略，在全球化背景下确保实现国家粮食安全。这不仅是保障国家安全的重中之重，也是中华民族实现“中国梦”最重要的物质基石。     

当前食品安全犯罪行为的显著特点分析

当前食品安全问题依然严峻,随着公安机关近年来对其打击力度的加大,食品安全犯罪的特点随之发生变化。食品安全犯罪行为的特点,大多是犯罪人刑罚规避的体现,犯罪人会有意识地掩盖犯罪事实,其反侦查能力越来越强,其犯罪行为也变得更加隐蔽。犯罪行为的特点主要体现在犯罪人会采用订单式生产,仓、储、销分离,仓储货值的精确控制,不留存产、销票据以及以"合法外衣"来掩饰犯罪等。分析近年来公安机关破获的具体案例,总结当前食品安全犯罪的一些显著特点,为公安机关在办理此类案件过程中的线索搜集、案件经营、侦查取证等提供一定的理论参考。     

经营者概念的解释与《食品安全法(草案)》的完善建议——基于上海爱邦铝箔制品公司一案的研究

一起卫生许可证的行政诉讼案件,反映了《食品卫生法》关于主体的规定,由于时代的变迁产生了法律漏洞,导致司法实践中理解与适用法律的困难。这一法律漏洞,涉及行政许可主体的扩大,不宜由部门规章与法院加以补充。因此,在《食品卫生法》全面修订为《食品安全法》时,应运用经济法的主体理论,加以修改与完善。     

对我国食品召回制度有关问题的立法建议

食品召回制度是消除缺陷食品危害风险的制度。实施食品召回制度的目的是要及时收回缺陷食品,避免进入流通领域的缺陷食品损害消费者人身安全的事件发生或扩大,维护消费者利益。采用比较法的方法,通过比较美国、加拿大、澳大利亚及我国上海缺陷食品召回的有关规定,就建立我国食品召回制度所涉及的主要问题提出立法建议。     

THE INTERACTION OF ANTISOCIAL PROPENSITY AND LIFE‐COURSE VARYING PREDICTORS OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: DIFFERENCES BY METHOD OF ESTIMATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY*

Recent criminological research has explored the extent to which stable propensity and life‐course perspectives may be integrated to provide a more comprehensive explanation of variation in individual criminal offending. One line of these integrative efforts focuses on the ways that stable individual characteristics may interact with, or modify, the effects of life‐course varying social factors. Given their consistency with the long‐standing view that person–environment interactions contribute to variation in human social behavior, these theoretical integration attempts have great intuitive appeal. However, a review of past criminological research suggests that conceptual and empirical complexities have, so far, somewhat dampened the development of a coherent theoretical understanding of the nature of interaction effects between stable individual antisocial propensity and time‐varying social variables. In this study, we outline and empirically assess several of the sometimes conflicting hypotheses regarding the ways that antisocial propensity moderates the influence of time‐varying social factors on delinquent offending. Unlike some prior studies, however, we explicitly measure the interactive effects of stable antisocial propensity and time‐varying measures of selected social variables on changes in delinquent offending. In addition, drawing on recent research that suggests that the relative ubiquity of interaction effects in past studies may be partly from the poorly suited application of linear statistical models to delinquency data, we alternatively test our interaction hypotheses using least‐squares and tobit estimation frameworks. Our findings suggest that method of estimation matters, with interaction effects appearing readily in the former but not in the latter. The implications of these findings for future conceptual and empirical work on stable propensity/time‐varying social variable interaction effects are discussed.