对“饿虎门”事件的法律思考

沈阳森林野生动物园因经营不善,发生饿死老虎事件。该事件反映出我国现行法律制度在对于驯养野生动物的保护上存在诸多问题,主要涉及宪法、行政法、刑法等公法领域。为了避免类似的悲剧重演,立法机关必须尽快完善相关立法。     

细菌素在动物疾病防治中的作用和机理研究进展

从细菌素的性质、生产与制备、在动物疾病防治中的作用、抑(杀)菌机理及安全性评价等方面概述了此类由细菌分泌的高效抗菌蛋白类物质的研究进展。认为,细菌素不仅在体外对各种致病菌具有较强的抑杀作用,而且经口服能显著抑制动物胃肠道内的有害菌,腹腔或静脉注射后可防治动物全身性细菌感染,无任何毒害作用,是一类可用于动物疾病防治的理想的抗生素替代品。     

Causes and Mechanisms of Death in Fatal Water Buffalo Attacks

Deaths due to buffalo attack have not been well described. A 72‐year‐old man was trampled by a water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) while attempting to move the animal within an enclosed area at an abattoir. At autopsy, there were numerous injuries involving the chest, head, neck, and left upper arm. Blunt force injury had resulted in multiple rib fractures with a flail chest and fracture/dislocation of the mid‐cervical vertebrae caused either by physical crushing by the animal against the walls of the enclosure or by stomping. There was also evidence of crush asphyxia with bilateral conjunctival hemorrhages and petechial hemorrhages. In addition, there was a deep degloving injury of the upper left arm compatible with goring by one of the buffalo horns. While large animal attacks may result in death from multiple injuries, careful dissection and examination of specific injuries at autopsy may clarify the complex interaction of lethal mechanisms.     

Implications of Genital Mutilation at Autopsy

Given the potential significance of mutilation of the external genitalia in medicolegal fatalities, a review of the literature was undertaken to identify subcategories. Such mutilations may have been sustained sometime before death, around the time of death, or after death. The most common type of ante mortem genital mutilations involves cultural practices such as male circumcision. Less common male mutilations such as subincisions are tribally based. Female genital mutilation is found particularly in African, Middle Eastern, or Asian populations. Self‐inflicted genital injuries are most common in males and may be related to attempts at suicide, or to self‐harming practices. The latter have a strong association with psychiatric illnesses. Postmortem injuries may arise from animal predation or deliberate mutilation of a corpse. The latter may be associated with ante mortem genital injuries in sadistic homicides. The range of possible causes of genital mutilations in forensic cases necessitates extremely careful evaluation.     

浅议动物福利法

将动物福利理念渗透到相关动物保护的法律法规中,以更充分地保护动物的做法,已为世界大多数国家立法所吸纳。动物福利法是将动物视为与人类相对的一种鲜活的生命形式来加以保护的,而并非仅是一种可再生资源,认为动物有基本的生存欲望和丰富的情感世界,在其饲养的管理过程中,人类应依法充分保证动物生理和心理的双重自由,尽量减少人为因素对动物的不良影响和限制,最大限度的保证动物生活在符合其自然本性的状态下,平衡动物利用和动物保护间的关系。     

Alternative fuels in fire debris analysis: biodiesel basics

Alternative fuels are becoming more prominent on the market today and, soon, fire debris analysts will start seeing them in liquid samples or in fire debris samples. Biodiesel fuel is one of the most common alternative fuels and is now readily available in many parts of the United States and around the world. This article introduces biodiesel to fire debris analysts. Biodiesel fuel is manufactured from vegetable oils and/or animal oils/fats. It is composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and is sold pure or as a blend with diesel fuel. When present in fire debris samples, it is recommended to extract the debris using passive headspace concentration on activated charcoal, possibly followed by a solvent extraction. The gas chromatographic analysis of the extract is first carried out with the same program as for regular ignitable liquid residues, and second with a program adapted to the analysis of FAMEs.     

一株致猪胃溃疡大肠杆菌的分离鉴定

四川某猪场暴发保育猪与育肥猪水样腹泻,病理剖解可见胃黏膜大面积脱落、胃溃疡等症状,采集病死猪扁桃体与肠系膜淋巴结进行病毒检测;以肠内容物做寄生虫卵检测;选取其中一代表病例做细菌分离,经小鼠致死试验、仔猪回归试验确定病原菌,并对病原菌进行了形态学观察、生化鉴定、16SrDNA序列分析及药敏试验。结果显示,猪瘟病毒、伪狂犬病病毒等的检测结果为阴性;无寄生虫感染;从十二指肠内容物中分离到1株疑似致病性大肠杆菌,并命名为SCDC-1。用SCDC-1株人工感染健康仔猪成功复制出水样腹泻、胃溃疡病例。对SCDC-1株进行16SrDNA克隆测序,并与GenBank中的8株肠杆菌科和4株巴氏杆菌科菌株的16S基因进行同源性分析,发现SCDC-1株与大肠杆菌16S基因的相似性高达99.5%～99.9%。药敏试验结果显示,该病原菌仅对头孢曲松钠、头孢吡肟、丁胺卡那霉素敏感。试验结果证实,引起此次保育猪与育肥猪胃溃疡的主要病原为致病性大肠杆菌。     

重思他者：动物问题与德里达对列维纳斯伦理学的解构

德里达批判性地将列维纳斯的伦理学运用到了动物伦理领域,他认为动物可以成为列维纳斯伦理学中的他者,而且它们比他人更加他异,是他者的他者。动物可以让我们更激进地重思主体性。哪怕是列维纳斯的“我在此”这样强调受拣选性和被动性的主体性,在德里达看来也还不够激进,并且太过人类中心主义。他通过列维纳斯“您先请”的伦理原则,进一步把这一主体性推进到了更为被动的“我跟随”。“我跟随,故我是”,而我所跟随的不只可能是人,也可能是动物。通过将列维纳斯的好客理论批判性运用到对于动物问题的解读中,德里达进一步拓展了其“质疑主权”的主体性思考。     

Associations between different motivations for animal cruelty,methods of animal cruelty and facets of impulsivity

ABSTRACT

Associations between specific motivations for animal cruelty, particular methods of animal cruelty and different facets of impulsivity were explored among 130 undergraduate students. Participants completed an adapted version of the Boat Inventory on Animal-Related Experiences (BIARE) which asked participants to state whether they had intentionally harmed or killed an animal, the species of animal(s) involved, their motivations for harming or killing the animal(s) and the method(s) used. Participants also completed the Impulsive Behavior scale (UPPS-P) which assesses five facets of impulsivity. Over half of the sample (55%) reported committing at least one act of animal cruelty, and dogs were the most commonly abused species of animal. The most frequently reported motivations were Prejudice, Amusement, Control (of an animal), and Retaliation (against an animal), and the most frequently reported methods were Beating/Kicking, Squashing, Throwing an object at an animal, Shooting, Drowning and Burning. Significant associations were found between particular motivations and methods, as well as between particular methods of animal cruelty and facets of impulsivity. Findings have implications for theoretical models of animal cruelty perpetration as well as offender assessment and treatment.     

Pampered or pariah: does animal type influence the interaction between animal attitude and empathy?

ABSTRACT

Research into the interaction between deliberate harm of animals and potential risk for human directed violence has burgeoned in the past two decades. In light of an underlying premise that attitudes are predictive of behaviour, a number of researchers have examined demographic and personality variables that affect attitudes to, and by extrapolation behaviours towards, animals. One particularly active topic of research in this area is the potential relation between human-directed empathy and attitudes to animals, with researchers consistently finding that those with higher human-directed empathy scores tend to hold more pro-animal welfare attitudes. The current study adds to this literature by evaluating the effect of different animal types (Pet, Pest or Profit) in this overall animal attitude/human-directed empathy relationship with a large (n?=?1606), community-based, Australian sample. As anticipated, attitudes towards animals in the Pet category were significantly more pro-welfare than for either Pest or Profit animals and women indicated more pro-welfare attitudes across all three than men. The strength and significance of the relation between human-directed empathy and attitudes to animals varied across Pet, Pest and Profit animal categories and affective vs cognitive empathy. The strongest correlation was found between Pet and the Empathic Concern subscale of the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The implications of these differences for the previously observed link between attitudes to animals and empathy, humane education and future research directions are discussed.