20世纪90年代以来中国公民资格权利的发展

从公民资格权利发展角度考察我国的社会转型有利于分析、解释国家面临的挑战和宏观发展轨迹。1990年代以来,在市场经济的发展、社会的分化和利益的多元化、社会公平问题、政府转型的大背景下,我国公民资格权利取得了一定进展:与市场经济建设相关的公民权利内容进一步发展,民主政治的实践使公民政治权利的形式和内容有所充实,社会权利的保护和发展尚处于探索当中。从宏观角度看,公民资格诸权利呈现出分化发展和相互推动的特点;国家主导制度构建与公民积极行使权利构成公民资格权利发展的双动力;户籍制度对权利的分等作用弱化,平等的公民资格权利的普遍化进程加速;程序性权利的设置与保障仍然不足,呈现出探索性特征。     

回归与重构:服务行政在中国的源起

服务行政是与传统的干涉行政截然不同的行政类型,它随着社会经济的发展而形成。对中国而言,1949年后的计划经济体制本身即以对公民和社会的全面负责为己任,但这种全面负责以牺牲个体的主体性为代价,并非行政法意义上的服务行政。因此,服务行政顺理成章地出现于从全能政府回归有限政府的改革过程中。     

海外投资的外交保护

海外利益是指境外的国家利益,属于国家利益的组成部分。WTO规则,特别是与贸易有关的投资协定更是国际法规则的一部分。外交保护是指一国针对其国民因另一国国际不法行为而受的损害,以国家的名义为该国国民采取外交行动或其他和平解决手段。对海外投资的外交保护是海外投资保护的最后的也是最有效的途径和方式,可以进一步维护和拓展中国的海外利益。     

从事实到规范:物权法民意基础的实证研究——以土地问题为中心

以社会调查数据为判断标准,物权法对土地制度发展的事实,既有呼应,也有背离、漠视、逃避和模糊。呼应主要包括:明确坚持保护私有财产;妥善规定承包经营权的流转、登记的效力、土地使用权到期后的处理等。背离表现为:继续强调集体土地所有权。漠视表现为:未规定建设用地使用权的类型和取得时效;未明确承认宅基地使用权、集体建设用地使用权的流转等。逃避表现为:未能明确统一登记的具体机构及其设置等。模糊表现为:未能清楚界定征收条件、征收中物权的变动时间、登记审查等。     

祛魅与自足:政治理论对宪法解释的影响及其限度

宪法学究其根本是为了适用宪法而对宪法文本进行解释的宪法释义学。但是,由于宪法文本的不确定性,在宪法解释中纳入政治的考量是不可避免的。对于同样的宪法条款,在不同的政治理论引导下,会得出完全不同的解释结果。考察政治理论对宪法解释的影响是一种社会科学对法学的逻辑自足的祛魅,是有价值的。但是,随意选择作为宪法解释“背景规范”的政治理论,会导致解释的恣意,损害法的安定性价值。所以,必须根植于本国的制宪历史、规范环境和宪法文本去容纳政治理论论证这种“外部论证”,消解其对宪法解释确定性的损害。     

WHERE IS THE VILLAGE GOING? MAINTAINING AND INCLUDING CULTURAL STRENGTHS TO PROTECT CHILDREN ORPHANED IN KENYA

This article is the result of a master's thesis about children and their universal right to be included in a family environment. This is not only protected under international law, but also intuitive to human beings. HIV‐AIDS continues to threaten lives of children, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa in the form of orphaning. Looking at a case study from Kenya, it is revealed that, while legal protection is yet to be fully realized in the state, strong cultural norms of value are alive. Currently, the extended family system is the greatest protection to children orphaned or at risk of being orphaned. However, this system was made invisible in the domestic laws of Kenya under the Children Act 2001. This neglect calls for questions not only regarding the protection cultural norms may offer, according to the best interests of children, but also as to the cultural environment being created with the new law.     

“人格歧视”的民法救济探析

“人格歧视”行为违反了尊重他人人格尊严的法定义务 ,侵害了受害人的人格尊严。“人格歧视”要获得民法救济 ,必须符合侵害一般人格权的构成条件。对“人格歧视”的民法救济途经主要有 :停止侵害 ,消除影响 ,恢复名誉 ,赔礼道歉 ,赔偿损失等。     

Having the cake and eating it too: efficient penalty clauses in Common and Civil contract law

In this paper we examine one of the areas where there is a marked difference between Civil and Common contract law, that of the enforcement of liquidated damages and more particularly of penalty clauses. Common law judges are quite reluctant to enforce liquidated damages, especially if they believe that they include penalty clauses which are not enforceable. On the contrary, in almost all European contract laws liquidated damages are readily enforced, as are penalty clauses when they are not manifestly excessive. Although most law and economics scholars have criticized Common law courts for the non-enforcement of penalty clauses, there is a sizable minority of scholars who have defended the Common law “non-enforcement” policy on the ground that penalty clauses are inefficient because they hinder efficient breach. However, and despite the merits of the arguments advanced by advocates of the non-enforcement of penalty clauses, we believe that Common law’s rejection of penalty clauses is inefficient. We further show that the Civil law solution to the problem is not only comparatively more efficient, but that it can also appease the worries of those scholars who are afraid that efficient breaches will be deterred. The solution that Civil law systems give to the problem manages to enforce the parties’ wishes and to avoid deterring efficient breaches. However, we point out that in order for the Civil law systems to take advantage of this superiority, the interpretation of their Civil Codes should be guided by economic analysis and the respect to the wishes of the contracting parties.     

《治安处罚法》第九条的理论与运用

《治安处罚法》第九条涉及行政责任与民事责任的竞合理论与行政调解理论。除此以外,本文还谈了该条在适用中应注意的一些问题。     

论证券虚假陈述中中介机构的民事责任

为了更好地保护投资者的权益,遏制违法违规行为,加强证券市场的监管,有必要进一步完善中介机构的民事责任制度.本文对中介机构虚假陈述民事责任的性质、构成要件、归责原则等进行了较为详尽的分析,并提供了相关对策.