Gault's Promise Revisited: The Search For Due Process

Fifty years ago, due process was introduced into the juvenile courts, but today children still do not have the guiding hand of counsel at every stage of the proceedings. In assessing the pre‐Gault world, Chief Justice Fortas observed that “[a] child receives the worst of both worlds:…he gets neither the protections accorded to adults nor the solicitous care and regenerative treatment postulated for children.” 1 Fortas opined that “Then as now good will and compassion were admirably prevalent. But recent studies have entered with surprising unanimity, sharp dissent to the vitality of this gentle conception. They suggest that the appearance as well as the actuality of fairness‐ impartiality and orderliness‐ in short the essentials of due process may be a more therapeutic attitude so far as the juvenile is concerned.” 2 The prescience of his observation has found resonance and reinforcement with the 2013 publication of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach 3 which was commissioned by the Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention (OJJDP). Reforming Juvenile Justice's emphasis on encouraging not only the perception but the actuality of fairness in all domains 4 connects directly to the essence of Gault's message. “Treating youth fairly and ensuring that they perceive that have been treated fairly and with dignity contribute to positive outcomes in the normal processes of social learning, moral development, and legal socialization adolescence.” 5 The research also demonstrates that public health oriented alternatives to traditional court processing promote social connection and positive youth development. 6 The OJJDP report provides a road map for promoting positive youth development and social engagement by demonstrating that supporting such policies improves public safety outcomes by reducing recidivism. In exploring whether Gault's promise of due process has been realized or is still aspirational, this article suggests that our inquiry requires us to think contextually by considering how children and families are treated in and out of the courtroom. This entails consideration of educational, child welfare and mental health services, as well as the scope of legal entitlements. Equity and fundamental fairness, euphemisms for due process, are what will truly effectuate Gault's promise and should be the benchmark for all courts and systems that engage with children.     

从口供的重要性看刑讯逼供的原因

产生刑讯逼供的根本原因是讯问的合法性、口供的重要性,以及侦查中追求口供的态度;其直接原因是“如实供述”的义务和侦查人员的自由裁量权;现实原因是缺乏“非法证据排除规则”和对侦查讯问的有效监督。     

试论少数民族基本文化权利的界定

文化权利在国际人权体系中构成特定的类别,其中的一个重要方面就是少数人群体(包括少数民族)保持其传统生活方式的权利(《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第27条),本文将其称为少数民族基本文化权利。少数民族的文化自由包含于少数民族的基本文化权利之中,少数民族的基本文化权利又包含于集体文化权利之中。由于少数民族传统生活方式是少数民族传统文化的核心,因而少数民族保持其传统生活方式的权利应成为少数民族文化权利的核心,即少数民族基本文化权利。     

应当建立实习劳动关系制度——宪法视野下的高校实习生权益保护

我国高等教育已步入普及时代,大学生数量急剧增加。作为一项必经教学项目,每年都有数目庞大的高校生参加实习以进一步学习掌握实践知识。由于立法上未建立实习劳动法律关系制度,广大高校实习生的合法权益保护尚处于法律空白。文章论证对在校实习生劳动者法律地位确认的正当性和必要性,并提出实习劳动关系这一概念,以期能对高校实习生合法权益的保护做出有益的探讨。     

论基本权利作为法律行为无效的判断标准——最高法院1988年“工伤概不负责”案《批复》之检讨

宪法基本权利确立了一套客观价值秩序,既适用于国家与人民,也拘束私法关系,是法律行为效力的判断标准之一。由于宪法时下还不能作为判断法律行为无效的直接依据,应当将侵害基本权利的法律行为无效事由认定为违背公序良俗。违反法律与违背公序良俗都是法律行为无效的判断事由,基本权利透过公序良俗即可单独否定法律行为效力。最高法院1988年工伤概不负责案的《批复》将基本权利既视为法律又视为公序良俗,以此否定法律行为效力,在方法上欠为妥当,应予检讨。     

Rehabilitating the Terrorists?: Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of De-radicalization Programs

Renewed interest on how and why terrorism ends has emerged in parallel with increased visibility of some new and innovative approaches to counterterrorism. These are collectively known, whether for good or bad, as “de-radicalization programs.” However, and despite their popularity, data surrounding even the most basic of facts about these programs remains limited. This article presents an overview of the results of a one-year pilot study of select de-radicalization programs and investigates critical issues surrounding assessment of their effectiveness and outcomes. We argue that Multi Attribute Utility Technology (MAUT) may offer promise for future empirical assessment of what we prefer to designate “terrorism risk reduction initiatives.” Perhaps less obviously, and until more data surrounding the efficacy of such initiatives becomes available, MAUT may also provide a conceptual basis for planning, evaluating, and guiding the development of future such initiatives and may have the unanticipated consequence of facilitating progress by encouraging greater exploration of efforts to change behavior from other contexts.     

建设社会化治安防范机制的整体性思考

党委政府领导下的专门机关与群众路线相结合是建设社会化治安防范机制的根本原则;与时俱进,因地制宜,推进防范主体的多元化、建设形式的多样化、防范内容的宽泛化、责权利的市场化、防范机制的网络化,是社区警务建设的最好载体;建立、完善并落实领导、法律、载体、警力、监管等保障体系是持久发展的关键。     

中国的国际法学:问题与思考

中国的国际法学在繁荣发展的同时,也存在诸多的问题。这些问题主要集中在对国际法和国际法学的作用和功能认识不足,国际法学研究中实用主义和功利主义色彩较浓,国际法学研究与国内法学研究脱节,国际法学研究的基础薄弱,国际法学的研究队伍青黄不接等方面。这些问题的解决,不仅需要整个社会对国际法和国际法学确立正确的认识、提供有力的环境,而且在终极上需要所有国际法学者的共同努力。     

经济法综合责任论质疑

经济法学中综合责任论虽是极富影响力的观点,但从法理的角度审视之,该观点缺乏正当的法理理由。此外,认为行政责任即行政法责任,既违背了行政法的基本理念,又导致经济法责任的失落。至于该理论的归责机制主张,同样违背了自然公正原则。     

《共产党宣言》的三大特性

《共产党宣言》（以下简称《宣言》）是马克思、恩格斯在1847年共产主义同盟第二次代表大会的召开时，为世界上第一个国际性的无产阶级政党拟定的“周详的理论和实践的纲领”。《宣言》发表160年来马克思主义的发展历程表明，马克思主义具有与时俱进的理论品质，《宣言》是不断发展着的开放性的科学理论体系，具有指导性、系统性和开创性三大特点。