浅谈如何建立交通事故救援系统

道路交通事故救援系统由先进的交通管理系统 (ATMS)与交通服务信息系统 (ATIS)和有关的救援机构和设施 ,通过ATIS和ATMS将交通监控中心与职业的救援机构联结成有机整体 ,为道路使用者提供现场紧急处置 ,拖车现场救护等服务 ;而智能交通系统ITS其主要目标是针对日益严重的交通需求和环境保护压力 ,采取信息技术 ,通信技术 ,计算机技术和控制技术对传统的交通运输系统进控制、改造     

Institutional Collective Action on Drugs: Functional and Vertical Dilemmas of Unused Pharmaceuticals

The authors use the Institutional Collective Action Framework to analyze the barriers, opposition, and opportunities for residential pharmaceutical disposal programs in the United States via a case study on a series of take‐back programs pioneered in the state of Washington by local and state governments, as well as the corresponding backlash from federal agencies. While successful in some ways, these innovative solutions directly challenged the competing federal policy regimes controlled by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and, to a lesser extent, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Findings from case studies suggest that functional dilemmas created by existing institutions with entrenched regulatory regimes are a key challenge to finding efficient solutions to vertical ICA dilemmas. Conclusions, then, connect to the broader ICA research agenda, and implications for multi‐level governance issues.     

Analyzing Territorial and Sectorial Dimensions of Public–Private Partnerships in Science,Technology, and Innovation policies

The performance of innovation systems depends, to a great extent, on the degree of public–private collaboration they involve. Thus, innovation policies often aim to enhance this collaboration through public–private partnerships. These partnerships are a multidimensional phenomenon whose success depends on factors related to each of their dimensions. This paper proposes the use of an analytical model that reflects the multidimensional nature of public–private partnerships and analyses to what extent they are applied in a specific innovation system in order to identify the territorial and sectorial factors that act as barriers or drivers to use them. This model aims to help policy makers design appropriate public–private partnerships in each context. The case under review is the Spanish innovation system, given that this system has been suffering from a structural lack of collaboration for several decades, despite the implementation of policies aimed to foster this. Thus, if the model works, it should be able to identify key factors that influence greater or more restricted use of the different PPP formulas.     

电针对局灶性脑缺血大鼠缺血皮质区内皮抑素、血小板反应蛋白-1表达的影响

目的 观察电针对局灶性脑缺血大鼠缺血皮质区内皮抑素（endostatin，ES）、血小板反应蛋白-1（thrombospondin-1，TSP-1）表达的调控作用及其机制。方法 将54只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和电针组，每组18只。利用改良线栓法复制局灶性大脑中动脉闭塞模型，电针组选取“百会”与“水沟”穴进行治疗，每次30 min，每日1次，共干预7 d。比较术后7 d各组大鼠神经功能评分，用2，3，5-三苯基氯化四氮唑染色法测量脑梗死面积，免疫组织化学法及蛋白免疫印迹法检测ES、TSP-1蛋白在大鼠脑缺血皮质区的表达情况。结果 与假手术组比较，模型组大鼠神经功能缺损体征较为显著，梗死范围明显，脑缺血皮质区ES和TSP-1蛋白表达均显著上调（P<0.05）；与模型组比较，电针组大鼠神经功能评分降低（P<0.05），梗死面积缩小（P<0.05），脑缺血皮质区ES、TSP-1蛋白表达水平均明显下调（P<0.05）。结论 电针可促进局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经功能恢复，缩小梗死面积，其机制可能与血管新生抑制因子ES、TSP-1的表达下调有关。     

Grassroots International NGOs: Using Comparative Interpretive Policy Analysis to Understand Meanings in Private Development Aid

Abstract

This research comparatively examines grassroots international NGOs (GINGOs), a growing subset of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) working in private development aid. GINGOs are small-scale, on-going development initiatives through voluntary third sector organizations. How do GINGOs’ founders and volunteers understand their role in private development aid? The article uses an interpretive framework to examine three in-depth comparative case studies of GINGOs based in the US and working in South Sudan, Nepal and Haiti. Its contribution is that it provides rich data to build further theory about the experiences, or multiple realities, in private development aid. It is found that GINGOs’ founders and volunteers attach new meanings to private development aid to distinguish themselves from larger professionalized INGOs and emphasize personal connections.     

“Here we give advice for free”: the functioning of plant clinics in Rwanda

Although plant clinics are considered an important mechanism in the service delivery to farmers, not much is known about their functioning in the daily reality of plant doctors and farmer-clients. This article reports on an exploratory study describing the functioning of eight plant clinics in Rwanda. Personal and organisational commitment, publicity, and proactive communication with farmers and local leaders are key factors explaining higher attendance of some clinics. Farmer attendance is under-reported by 40–50%. Data management needs improvement to make clinic records reliable tools for decision-makers. This type of assessment can help improve operations and realise the plant clinics’ potential.     

试论旅游资源羡余现象

羡余现象是2004年金颖若从信息科学引入到旅游研究中的。在此之前和之后都有学者对处于劣势地位的旅游资源进行过理论探讨及实证研究,某些理论观点同对旅游资源羡余的认识有殊途同归的效果。文章结合目前相关研究进展,对旅游资源羡余概念的界定、特性、类型及转变为非羡余旅游资源的途径做了进一步分析,以便更深入的阐释羡余现象,并以期指导地区羡余旅游资源的蜕变。     

公安机关办理拒不支付劳动报酬案件应注意的问题

《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（八）》增设了拒不支付劳动报酬罪,为保护劳动者的合法薪酬权益和打击拒不支付劳动者报酬的行为提供了明确的刑事法律依据。作为新设罪名,公安机关应重点关注其中的新内容。在审查拒不支付劳动报酬案件的立案材料时,应当重点审查是否具有劳动行政部门要求用人单位支付劳动报酬的《劳动保障监察行政处理决定书》或者行政复议机关要求用人单位支付劳动报酬的《行政复议决定书》。对＂经政府有关部门责令支付仍不支付＂不能仅按字面意思简单理解,而是应当参照劳动保障行政部门或行政复议机关申请人民法院强制执行的条件对其作出认定;应以我国劳动法律法规为基础理解＂劳动者＂的范围。     

Spotlights on certification and farmers’ welfare: crossing boundaries in social scientific research

Social scientists have the freedom to adopt different methodological approaches when researching development. This article illustrates how four common social scientific methodologies (positivism, social constructivism, action research, and normative political theory) differently conceptualise the effects of sustainability certification on Indonesian smallholder farmers. It shows that each approach results in different insights, offering a web of information to practitioners. Better understanding the different methodologies may help practitioners to take position in dilemmas, not in a linear process of knowledge accumulation, but in an iterative process of research consultation and practices.     

Building foundations for the comparative study of state and non-state terrorism

In this article, we argue that a comparative study of state and non-state terrorism that uses the minimal foundationalist definition of terrorism as its central analytical framework offers a unique and instructive approach for answering the question: “what is terrorism?” To date, most recent comparative case study analyses of terrorism focus on ideologies, political/governance models, structural/contextual enablers, practices, organisational structures, and/or the basis of issues such as trust, belonging, and membership. We uniquely contribute to the growing literature on comparative terrorism studies by comparing and contrasting state and non-state terrorism on the basis of strategic communication vis-à-vis the preparation, execution, and outcomes of political violence (the “terrorism attack cycle”), the instrumentalisation of victims, and fear management. We argue that state and non-state terrorism are co-constituting and co-enabling phenomena, possibly best conceptualised as two bounded and coiled strands of the political violence DNA.