中国个人金融服务消费者权益保护

个人金融服务中消费者与经营者在交易中不平等法则的存在,权利与义务呈现出明显不对等,个人消费者难以以自身的力量与经营者抗衡,使消费者在消费纠纷中处于劣势。为了保护消费者的权益,除了建立消费者协会组织外,更要建立健全消费者权益保护法及金融服务机构的社会信用及其行业评判标准制度。     

Challenging statutory limitations on children's education rights: a re-examination of the Canadian Supreme Court Decision in Auton

The 2004 Supreme Court of Canada decision in Auton concerns the right of autistic children to access services held by their parents to be essential to their children's ability to participate as members of a democratic society. It is argued that the child's right to have his or her basic developmental needs met is a constitutionally protected one. Having those developmental needs met engages both education and health rights. In Auton the parents had sought funding for the service at issue from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Children and Families (which dealt with mental health services and other particular support programs for the families of disabled children) as well as from the Ministry of Education. The case raises central questions regarding the very nature of education and the constitutionality of a discretionary power of government to set out statutory limitations upon fundamental human rights including education rights.     

小议知识产权的正当性

随着知识产权的负价值功能日益突显及其为公众所普通认识，知识产权危机出现迫使人们对知识产权权正当性问题进行反思。从知识产权的起源入手，基于哲学理论追溯其正当性。不难发现，知识产权需要权衡私权与公权并确立其人权价值基础，才能具有实质正当性。这就必须有一定的法律限制，即在个人利益、他人利益与社会利益之间进行一种利益的平衡。     

国际强行法保护的人权

人权并不存在等级 ,所有的人权 ,包括公民权利 ,政治权利 ,经济、社会和文化权利 ,对于维护人的尊严都具有同等的重要性。在国际人权法上有一些人权属于“受国际强行法保护的人权”。但是 ,这些人权也不是更重要和更高级的人权 ,它们是维护人的尊严所需要的“最低限度的人权”。     

论社会主义和谐社会构建中的民族平等权

源于民族的自然属性的民族平等权是民族群体的基本人权。现代和谐社会亦为法治社会,体现民族精神和社会正义理念民族平等权的落实意味着社会主义法治理念中的公平正义的实现。同时,在构建以法治为主要特征的社会主义和谐社会的过程中,应当以契合中国当下社会具体国情的方式,从宪政体制、执法观念和司法举措等几个方面进一步落实民族平等权。     

论《旅游权利法案》的国际法性质及在我国的适用

《旅游权利法案》是世界旅游组织制定的规范性文件，属习惯国际法，可通过国家实践和法律确信在内国得到适用。我国在制定旅游基本法时应转化和吸纳其相关原则、制度与规范，以国家立法形式使《旅游权利法案》在我国得到适用。     

论WTO劳工标准之争与中国“劳动三权”制度的完善

尽管是否将贸易制裁与核心劳工标准的实施挂钩在WTO内存在激烈的争论,但将这两者挂钩可能是将来的发展趋势.因此重视核心劳工标准、尤其是"劳动三权"(自由结社权、罢工权和集体谈判权)具有非常重要的意义.与国际劳工组织制定的劳工标准相比,我国在"劳动三权"的立法上还存在不足,将来必然会对我国的对外贸易产生不良影响,也不利于我国人权的保障.因此,我们应修改<宪法>、<劳动法>、<工会法>和制定<罢工法>,对工会成立和解散的程序、组织体制、领导体制、会员资格、经费来源等进行相应改革,对集体谈判和集体合同制度进行完善,对工会和工人的罢工权给以明确肯定并对其权利的行使加以法律规范.     

证据法的基本权利保障取向

证据法的理性主义传统,既要求通过理性证明的方式去查明事实真相,而非诉诸神明和暴力;又不以追求真相为最高目的,而是将其视为实现正义的手段。这种理性传统,决定了法治国家证据制度具有求真、求善的双重功能,并将公正奉为首要价值,从而奠定了基本权利保障的价值取向。我国证据法学研究和证据制度建设正在经历从义务本位向权利本位转型,权利意识逐步觉醒。在这个转型过程中,应该将人权司法保障奉为证据法公正价值的核心内容,在贯彻无罪推定、不得自证其罪原则的前提下,确保刑事被告质证权的行使,发挥非法证据排除规则、作证特免权规则对刑事被告基本权利的保障作用。     

The History and Future Trends of ART Medicine and Law

The Assisted Reproductive Technologies (“ART”) have resulted in over eight million births to date, heralding remarkable advances in reproductive medicine with a transformational impact on both medicine and law. The effects have been acutely felt on the modern family, as well as on a myriad of areas of legal practice—including Family Law, Estate Planning, Contract, Health, Constitutional, Criminal, Discrimination, Tort Law and, for international arrangements, Immigration and Citizenship laws. This article examines the historical context, present impact, and future trends of ART and the Law. Its purpose is to help better understand these unique developments in order to help law and policy makers harness and craft the policies and frameworks that will be needed to monitor, shape and guide these remarkable possibilities for participants, professionals, law and society.     

Dodging the Donor Daddy Drama: Creating a Model Statute for Determining Parental Status of Known Sperm Donors

Despite recent innovations in alternative reproduction technology and the increased use of artificial insemination procedures, courts and legislatures have been unable to develop a clear and consistent test to establish the parental rights and obligations of sperm donors. As a result, there are mixed outcomes in cases where intended parents seek child support from an unsuspecting donor or when donors petition the court for visitation with their biological children. This Note seeks to resolve the ambiguity in determining sperm donors’ parental status by proposing a model state statute that makes nonpaternity the default rule. Under the statute, sperm donors would not be subject to any of the parental rights or obligations of a traditional biological father. However, the presumption of nonpaternity could be overcome if the parties agree, in writing, prior to the insemination. Further, the model statute provides an exception to the default rule if the donor has played an active role in the child's life. Adopting this model statute will not only facilitate a market for sperm donation but also make donor rights and obligations clear from the onset.

Key Points for the Family Court Community
• Today, infants born using artificial reproduction technology (ART) represent more than one percent of children born in the United States annually.
• When a donor is anonymous, the law is clear: the donor is not a legal parent. However, the law regarding known donors is less straightforward. Depending on the state and the particular circumstances, the parental status of a known donor is questionable.
• The ambiguity in the law creates confusion and disagreement among the parties in a donor agreement. By comparing factually similar cases, in which courts interpreted donor statutes with identical language, in completely opposite ways, it is easy to see the unpredictability in ART cases.
• The proposed model statute provides unambiguous legislation that sets out a clear standard to be used in determining the parental status of known donors. If adopted by state legislatures, courts across the country would finally have a consistent rule to apply, leading to less confusion and contradictory rulings.
• The key issue is honoring intentional parentage and the proactive choice to use ART to have a child on one's own terms.