中国司法鉴定的古代史

公元前7世纪至公元前5世纪,是我国司法物证出现的萌芽时期,我国司法鉴定活动中以法医学为代表的最早时期也是出现在周朝。秦代在审理案件时,已相当重视和广泛使用各种司法物证,指纹的运用就出现在该时代。东汉时已形成简单的法医检验初步方法。三国时期司法物证检验的范围较前代有所发展扩大,从死因检验、伤痕鉴定,到笔迹检验、弹丸鉴定均有出现。以后各代出现了大量法医学著作。     

Object-oriented Bayesian networks for paternity cases with allelic dependencies

This study extends the current use of Bayesian networks by incorporating the effects of allelic dependencies in paternity calculations. The use of object-oriented networks greatly simplify the process of building and interpreting forensic identification models, allowing researchers to solve new, more complex problems. We explore two paternity examples: the most common scenario where DNA evidence is available from the alleged father, the mother and the child; a more complex case where DNA is not available from the alleged father, but is available from the alleged father’s brother. Object-oriented networks are built, using HUGIN, for each example which incorporate the effects of allelic dependence caused by evolutionary relatedness.     

关于证据真伪审查与伪证追究的调研报告

民事诉讼中伪证行为对诉讼秩序、对方当事人诉讼权利、法院权威等均造成实际的损害。由于各种原因,此类行为难以得到有效的处置。为此,本文在调查分析其行为表现、特征、产生原因与实际危害的基础上,对伪证的预防、审查认定、责任追究等相关制度设计及操作进行了调研。     

翻供的证据法意义

翻供是指犯罪嫌疑人、被告人以后来之无罪、罪轻之陈述推翻了原来有罪、罪重之陈述.翻供现象之普遍化使现有证据制度在证据概念上的伦理尴尬、在证据能力与证据采信上的保守偏信、在证明责任上的有失公正等诸多问题暴露无遗.司法层面上翻供现象的逐步消除,有赖于立法上从自白任意性到自由心证等一系列现代证据规则体系的合理构建.     

字本位和逻各斯中心主义两种证据观及其历史演变

本文重点讨论了两种证据观：字本位的证据观和逻各斯中心主义的证据观。并进一步认为，中国传统证据观是字本位性的。表现在言、文、象三重证据符号的关系中以“书写”或经典为中心。现代中国发生了证据观的革命性变化，主要表现为“去汉字化”的逻各斯中心主义证据观，即在言、文、象三重证据符号的关系中以“言、象”为中心。“去汉字化”建立了中国现代性证据现，同时也难以避免地导致了与传统文化的断裂。     

证言真实性的审查与判断——陈述有效性评估技术

在证言研究中有一著名的理论假设:即来自于真实经历的证言与经他人教唆或自己幻想产生的证言是有区别的。现代的法庭科学与司法心理学也证实了"亲身经历过的事件记忆与想象记忆有着质的差异"。建立在上述差异基础上所形成的陈述有效性评估技术,专门用于检测言词的准确性,现已经在一些西方国家得以运用,在个别国家还甚至被运用于刑事领域。     

Development and validation of the Cozart DDS oral fluid collection device

The testing of oral fluid for drugs of abuse has increased significantly over recent years and is now commonplace in drug rehabilitation clinics, the workplace, prisons and custody suites. The global problem of identifying drugged drivers has also led to an increase in oral fluid testing at the roadside. The main requirements for the implementation of roadside drug testing are a rapid sample collection time, collection of a known sample volume and recovery of drugs from the collection device. We report here the development of the Cozart^® DDS oral fluid collector, an oral fluid collector that combines rapid and adequate sample collection with satisfactory drug recovery. Oral fluid was collected from drug users (n = 134) and drug-free individuals (n = 137), using the Cozart^® DDS oral fluid collector. The mean time for the completion of collection (full coloration of the sample presence indicator) was 34 s for drug-free individuals and 44 s for drug users. The average volume collected was 0.34 mL (n = 271). No chemical stimulant (to induce salivation) was used to achieve the collection times observed in either the drug-free or the drug-taking sample populations. Drugs were extracted from the collector using the Cozart^® DDS buffer and drug recovery was determined by Cozart^® enzyme immunoassays. The recovery studies showed that for amphetamine, Δ⁹THC, cocaine, methadone, methamphetamine, morphine and temazepam over 90% of the drug in the sample was eluted from the collector. The Cozart^® DDS oral fluid collector provides a reliable mechanism for the collection of oral fluid at the roadside that achieves the rapid collection times required.     

从相互协助到相互承认——欧盟刑事取证立法变迁探析

欧盟刑事取证立法建立在两个不同原则上,一是传统的相互协助基础上的立法,一是1999年坦佩雷会议后,相互承认基础上的立法;这两种立法在欧盟范围内并存。从未来发展看,相互承认基础上的立法将逐步取代相互协助基础上的立法。欧盟理事会2008年12月通过的《欧盟证据令》是欧盟在相互承认基础上取代原有刑事取证立法的第一步,对原有立法进行了制度性革新。欧盟刑事取证立法在取得显著进步的同时,在相互承认原则和公民基本权利保障等方面也面临着诸多挑战。     

The use and non-use of policy appraisal tools in public policy making: an analysis of three European countries and the European Union

The increasing complexity of policy problems, coupled with the political desire to base new policies on the foundation of firm evidence, has accelerated the development of policy assessment tools. These range from complex computer models and cost benefit analysis through simple checklists and decision trees. In the last decade, many governments have established formal policy assessment systems to harness these tools in order to facilitate more evidence-based policy making. These tools are potentially widely available, but to what extent are they used by policy makers and what becomes of the evidence that they generate? This paper addresses these questions by studying the empirical patterns of tool use across 37 cases in three European countries and the European Commission. It uses a simple classification of tools into advanced, formal and simple types. It finds that even when tools are embedded in policy assessment systems, their use is differentiated and on the whole very limited, in particular when it comes to more advanced tools. It then explores these patterns from contrasting theoretical perspectives to shed light on why, when and how different policy assessment tools are used in the policy process.     

符号学的三重证据法及其在证据法学中的应用

根据符号学理论,证据作为一个符号现象本质上是一种意义生产机制而非证据事实本身。符号学证据理论认为,人类文化记忆和证实的最基本方式包括"听"(口述证据)、"看"(图像证据和实物证据)以及介于这二者之间的第三状态"写"。符号学更关注不同的证据符号间的关联方式的研究,可称为证据间性研究,即一种证据符号的性质不仅取决于它与待证事实之间的真实关联性.而且取决于它与其他证据符号之间的互动关系。这种互动关系的最基本类型就是言、文、象综合运用,我们称之为三重证据法。本文利用符号学三重证据法探讨了一些证据法的基本问题。