Developmental validation of feline, bovine, equine, and cervid quantitative PCR assays

Accurate DNA quantification is essential for optimizing DNA testing and minimizing sample consumption. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays have been published for human and canine nuclear DNA, and the need for quantifying other forensically important species was evident. Following the strategy employed for the canine qPCR assay, we developed individual assays to accurately quantify feline, bovine, equine, and cervid nuclear DNA. Each TaqMan-based assay incorporates a genus-specific probe targeting the Melanocortin-1 Receptor gene and includes a piece of synthetic DNA that acts as an internal PCR control for detecting inhibition. Developmental validations were carried out following the revised guidelines of the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods with modifications necessary for validation of nonhuman qPCR assays. All assays demonstrated the specificity, sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, accuracy, and precision required for forensic casework. The application of these assays to animal forensic DNA analysis has both conserved laboratory resources and improved genotyping results.     

民法解释学的发展与相对所有权观念的解释论应用

所有权理论发展的每一步都伴随着民法解释学的推动,而民法解释学所经历的不同发展阶段,正是基于实用法学的出发点——如何能动地解释和发展法学理论以解决现实中存在的问题——而出现的。但是民法解释学要发挥其对理论的推动作用,也需要借助于民法理论的质变,仅仅是民法解释学本身所能起到的作用是有限的。在修正的绝对所有权的阶段,民法解释学不断地突破绝对所有权观念的限制,当绝对所有权观念基本上被打破的时候,必须有一个新的所有权观念来支撑所有权理论的进一步发展,这种理论就是相对所有权观念所负载的民法理论。     

严格责任理论探究

探讨严格责任内涵的演变及其存在合理性这两个基本问题,并对影响我国现阶段引入严格责任的因素做初步的分析:从宏观层面,由于两大法系司法理念以及犯罪圈划定的不同;从微观层面,由于举证责任倒置对被告人负担的加重,重刑主义传统所引发的对犯罪人的负面评价、我国违宪审查制度的缺乏以及司法工作人员素质有待提高等原因,我国现阶段还不宜大规模引入严格责任。     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification of canine DNA

The accurate quantification of target DNA is an important step in the short tandem repeat analysis of forensic biological samples. By utilizing quantification data to control the amount of template DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), forensic scientists can optimize testing and minimize the consumption of limited samples. The ability to identify and quantify target DNA in mixed-species samples is crucial when it may be overwhelmed by nontarget DNA, as in cases of dog attack. We evaluated two quantitative real-time PCR assays for dynamic range, species specificity, and inhibition by humic acid. While both assays proved to be highly sensitive and discriminating, the Melanocortin-1 Receptor (MC1R) gene Taqman assay had the advantages of a shorter run time, greater efficiency, and safer reagents. In its application to forensic casework, the MC1R assay has been advantageous for quantifying dog DNA in a variety of mixed-species samples and facilitating the successful profiling of individual dogs.     

论国际法条件责任原则的最新发展

二次世界大战之前,国际社会普遍坚持条件责任原则,认为执行上级命令在一般情况下可以作为免除刑事责任的辩护理由;二战之后,纽伦堡审判确立了绝对责任原则,强调无论在任何情况下都不能将执行上级责任作为免除刑事责任的理由。《国际刑事法院规章》第33条是两种责任形式的融合。9.11事件后,恐怖主义的出现使国际社会对于执行上级命令能否免责的问题再次进行了思考。本文认为条件责任原则的存在,一方面是考虑到了军事社会的特殊性质,一方面也顾及到了当代对于战俘、普通民众的保护,并不会削减国际法的基础,是当代国际社会应当努力达成的目标。     

体检人群肝脂肪病变者中医脉象信号的递归定量识别与分析

目的 运用研究非线性动力学的递归定量分析（recurrence quantification analysis,RQA）方法对体检人群肝脂肪病变者的脉象信号进行分析,探讨脉象信号非线性动力学特征对肝脂肪病变的识别价值。方法 运用ZY-I型脉诊仪采集体检人群的脉象信号,根据腹部超声报告将体检人群分为肝脂肪病变组和非肝脂肪病变组;提取体检人群脉象信号RQA特征,并运用非参数检验分析两组人群脉象信号的RQA特征差异;基于脉象信号RQA特征,运用随机森林算机器学习方法建立体检人群肝脂肪病的识别模型,并通过评价准则包括准确率、精确率、召回率、F1值、受试者工作特征曲线（receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC）及曲线下面积（area under the curve of ROC,AUC）评估模型识别性能。结果 肝脂肪病变组脉象信号RQA特征RR、DET、L、ENTR、LAM、TT、Vmax均高于非肝脂肪病变组（P＜0.05）;基于脉象信号RQA特征建立的体检人群肝脂肪病变识别模型,其准确率为80.34％、精确率为82.166％、召回率为86.000％、F1值为84.039％、AUC为86.774％。结论 与非肝脂肪病变组相比,肝脂肪病变组的脉象信号系统表现出更高的规律性、确定性、稳定性,基于RQA特征建立的体检人群肝脂肪病变识别模型能较好地区分肝脂肪病变组与非病变组的脉象信号,可为肝脂肪病变的早期预警及辅助诊断提供一定的临床参考。     

不同侵权责任承担方式的构成要件

传统民法的侵权责任的一般构成要件是仅针对侵权损害赔偿责任来构建的,而我国现行民法的侵权责任的承担方式并不限于损害赔偿,侵权责任保护客体并不仅限于绝对权,因此,针对不同的侵权责任承担方式其归责原则与损害是否发生等构成要件应不相同;基于同一种侵权责任承担方式如果侵权责任保护对象不同,侵权责任的构成要件也不相同.重新认识侵权责任的构成要件无疑对民法规则的设计和适用将产生实际的意义和价值.     

相对所有权观念在所有权平等保护中的解释论应用

在近代私法上,绝对所有权中私的属性和社会属性是分裂的,而现代的相对所有权观念则认为所有权应该包括私的属性和社会属性。即在物权客体上往往是多重权利关系,不同权利人之间的关系协调是所有权本身应包含的内容。也就是说现代所有权应包含一定的社会属性,物权已经成为错综复杂的关系性结构,尤其是国家所有权和集体所有权。     

Without Negative Origins and Absolute Ends: A Jurisprudence of the Singular

This paper is a preparatory analysis for a jurisprudence of the singular. Through a critical analysis of the negativity and the absolving character of the transcendental metaphysics of law and justice it reads mainly through M. Heidegger, Heraclitus, G. Agamben and J-L. Nancy a realignment of the questioning of justice that takes its provisional name in ‘dike’, at thepoint where the routes of ontology, the juridical and the political intersect and reveal the pseudo-propriety of their presuppositions. Without the transcendental dialectical discourse of the origin and its absolving-absolute ‘ends’, this paper re-poses the urgency of thinking the singular-multiple ‘right’ otherwise. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

国家及其财产豁免浅议

国家及其财产豁免 ,有绝对主义和限制主义两种主要理论。我国在实践中赞同绝对主义 ,但这方面的立法尚待完善。