Prospective lawyers’ rape stereotypes and schematic decision making about rape cases

Abstract

Two studies explored stereotypic information processing in rape cases by prospective lawyers in Germany. In Study 1, 451 undergraduate law students rated rape scenarios varying with respect to defendant–complainant relationship and coercive strategy (force versus exploitation of the complainant's alcohol-induced defencelessness). Acceptance of rape myths was also measured. Likelihood of defendant liability was rated to be lower when there was a prior relationship between the parties and when the defendant exploited the complainant's defencelessness as compared to when he used force (except in the ex-partner rapes where blame was higher in the alcohol-related than in the force-related cases). Complainant blame was higher when there was a prior relationship between the parties and was higher in the alcohol-related cases than in the force-related cases, except in the ex-partner rape where the pattern was reversed. Participants with high rape myth acceptance held the defendant less liable and blamed the complainant more, especially when the two had known each other. Study 2 largely replicated these findings with 129 postgraduate trainee lawyers and showed that sentencing recommendations also varied as a function of defendant–complainant relationship and coercive strategy. Providing participants with the legal definition of rape did not reduce reliance on rape stereotypes.     

我国不动产善意取得制度的不足与完善

我国采纳不动产善意取得制度具有一定优势,司法实践中呈现不足需要完善：不动产善意取得制度的客体要件应限制为已登记的不动产、＂真正权利人之可归责性＂非不动产善意取得制度构成要件、不动产善意取得制度与二重买卖关系以及不动产善意取得与合同法第51条的协调。     

职员发明财产权利归属正义

我国以公权理念为基础,在职员职务发明成果财产权利分配方面存在绝对单一归属的问题,违背了智力财产私权性的法律原则和“投资决定产出”的经济公理,挫伤了发明人的创造积极性,影响了我国科技发展的进程。我国的“厚雇主”倾向、美国的“厚雇员”原则以及法国的"折衷"主义均有失偏颇。应当建立职务发明的类型化,以投资作为归属的基本考量,建立以财产权利共享、开发风险共担为核心的职务发明归属制度。     

Chinese Political Attitudes and Values in Comparative Context: Cautionary Remarks on Cultural Attributions

Cultural explanations have a long and distinguished tradition in the study of Chinese politics. This paper examines the extent to which standard cultural attributions about the Chinese are supported by survey evidence from the World Values Survey. Moreover, it compares the values and beliefs articulated by the Chinese respondents with those of their Taiwanese, American, Canadian counterparts. Although in some instances the survey data support conventional wisdom, in many other respects they contradict the stylized characterizations often found in the literature. One is therefore led to conclude that cultural attributions should be grounded in empirical evidence, evaluated comparatively, and made with sensitivity to the potential for change and hidden biases. Steve Chan is a professor of political science at the University of Colorado, Boulder. His recent research has addressed topics of democratic peace, power transition, and political culture. His most recent book is China, the U.S., and the Power-Transition Theory: A Critique (London: Routledge, 2008).     

可归责性与信赖合理性的比较权衡——弹性化机制的应用

遵从或否定权利表象规则的界限定位在可归责性与信赖合理性的比较权衡,其实是进行过失程度的比较,在真实权利人与第三人之间做出选择,其结论必然是弹性化处理,一方面体现在生活事实的法律判断本身具有适度的弹性,另一方面归责性与信赖合理性之间存在相互影响而需要通过一定的技术手段进行调和。     

道路交通事故责任认定可诉性之探讨

公安机关对道路交通事故责任认定是否具有可诉性,即是否属于人民法院行政诉讼的受案范围,一直以来存在较大争议。本文从行政法的基本理论、法律依据、司法判例方面,对道路交通事故责任认定的可诉性进行探讨。     

The Self-Relevant Implications of Distribution Rules: When Self-Esteem and Acceptance Are Influenced by Violations of the Equity Rule

Based on the assumption that distribution rules may have similarities to procedures, the present research examined the extent to which a violation of the equity rule can influence feelings of self-esteem and acceptance as a function of people's social value orientation (i.e., prosocial vs. proself orientation) and attributional explanation (internal vs. external). In a scenario study, participants imagined that they received a similar financial reward as their task partner, but this partner, however, put less effort into the task (i.e., violation of the equity rule). Results showed that this unfair outcome negatively influenced people's feelings of self-esteem and acceptance, but only among those with a proself orientation and when an internal explanation was given for differences in input.     

受刑人劳动成果归属问题研究

对受刑人的劳动成果权归属理论界一直存在着争论,目前有关受刑人劳动成果的归属的立法,在国外主要有两种立法模式,一种是以日本为代表的一元化的立法方式,即全部收归国有,另一种是意大利、美国等国家,采用多元化的立法方式,受刑人的劳动成果按照一定的比例,在与受刑人有利害关系的人之间进行分配。我国对受刑人劳动成果的态度,与日本的制度相类似。以著作权为例分析得出国家或者监狱管理部门不可能成为权利主体,说明受刑人的劳动成果权收归国有与法学理论相违背,实践中也不好操作。我们可以借鉴意大利的做法,即受刑人的劳动成果应当尽可能地清偿刑事被害人。采用受刑人劳动成果多元化的归属原则,按照一定的顺序处理受刑人的劳动成果。使受刑人劳动成果的归属更加合理化,以促进社会的和谐发展。     

限定继承的悖理与我国《继承法》的修正

源于古罗马法的限定继承制度其实是受将遗产范围视为被继承人的财产权利义务、遗产归属于继承人所有等制度相互影响的结果。然而,近世大陆法系的不同国家或地区在规定限定继承制度的同时,又以遗产为基础构建了遗产管理制度。但就遗产管理人所履行的职责而言,遗产管理人不仅要清理被继承人的财产权利义务,而且也要将清偿被继承人债务后的剩余财产分配给继承人。如此,遗产范围对遗产管理人、继承人就有所不同,即遗产管理人所面对的遗产范围应为被继承人的财产权利义务,继承人所面对的遗产范围为被继承人的财产权利;同时,遗产并不归属继承人所有或者遗产管理人所有,清偿完遗产债务后的剩余遗产才由继承人取得所有权。进而,遗产管理制度所逻辑演绎的遗产范围和遗产归属已经与限定继承的形成基础相悖,立法再予以规定限定继承制度也就欠缺合理。     

刑法因果关系判断路径的选择简

刑法中的因果关系的理解与分析,应采取归因与归责的相分离模式,在归因阶段采取条件理论作为判断标准已达成共识,而在归责阶段则主要存在修正的条件理论、相当因果关系理论以及客观归责理论.本文认为在归因阶段应采取合法则的条件说,在归责阶段则通过对实行行为、违法性阻却事由等犯罪论理论的运用具体判断是否进行归责.同时认为,应在归因判断时强调事实存疑时有利于被告人的原则.