论自我摹写笔迹及其鉴定

自我摹写近20年出现于我国,不同于一般的摹写,属伪装笔迹而非伪造笔迹,不符合摹写笔迹的一般规律,形式比较特殊,其笔迹是摹写笔迹中最难识别的。但通过仔细研究、总结经验,掌握其特点、内在规律及鉴定方法,对此也并非毫无办法。     

伪装笔迹实验样本的识别与提取技巧

笔迹样本的质量是关系笔迹鉴定工作成败的一个重要因素,本文即介绍了在实验样本中如何识别伪装笔迹,并针对具体情形提出了在笔迹实验样本收集与提取中应注意的事项及相关技巧,以期对笔迹鉴定工作能够有所裨益。     

英文书写笔迹检验研究

随着我国对外开放的不断深入和商务往来的需要,在笔迹检验中出现一些有关英文笔迹检验的案件。虽然英文笔迹也是书写人汉字书写习惯的反映,遵循汉字笔迹的检验方法,但是在英文书写中还有自身特点,因此,对于非母语的英文笔迹的分析、鉴定和研究有着十分重要的现实意义和适用价值。     

Investigating forensic document examiners’ skill relating to opinions on photocopied signatures

Many forensic document examiners are hesitant to express authorship opinions on photocopied handwriting as the photocopying process results in less feature information than original writing. This study aimed to test the accuracy of 15 examiners' opinions regarding whether photocopied questioned signatures were genuine or simulated. Each examiner received the same set of original signature exemplars, from one individual, and a set of eighty questioned photocopied signatures comprising of genuine and simulated signatures. The overall misleading (error) rate for the grouped examiners' opinions was 0.9% providing strong evidence that examiners can make accurate observations regarding the authorship of non-original handwriting.     

On the discriminability of the handwriting of twins

As handwriting is influenced by physiology, training, and other behavioral factors, a study of the handwriting of twins can shed light on the individuality of handwriting. This paper describes the methodology and results of such a study where handwriting samples of twins were compared by an automatic handwriting verification system. The results complement that of a previous study where a diverse population was used. The present study involves samples of 206 pairs of twins, where each sample consisted of a page of handwriting. The verification task was to determine whether two half-page documents (where the original samples were divided into upper and lower halves) were written by the same individual. For twins there were 1236 verification cases -- including 824 tests where the textual content of writing was different, and 412 tests where it was the same. An additional set of 1648 test cases were obtained from handwriting samples of nontwins (general population). To make the handwriting comparison, the system computed macro features (overall pictorial attributes), micro features (characteristics of individual letters), and style features (characteristics of whole-word shapes and letter pairs). Four testing scenarios were evaluated: twins and nontwins writing the same text and writing different texts. Results of the verification tests show that the handwriting of twins is less discriminable than that of nontwins: an overall error rate of 12.91% for twins and 3.7% for nontwins. Error rates with identical twins were higher than with fraternal twins. Error rates in all cases can be arbitrarily reduced by rejecting (not making a decision on) borderline cases. A level of confidence in the results obtained is given by the fact that system error rates are comparable to that of humans (lower than that of lay persons and higher than that of questioned document examiners [QDEs]).     

Measuring the frequency occurrence of handwritten numeral characteristics—An expanded list

In the third of a series of studies and reports, the authors expand on the frequency occurrence proportions of various handwritten features. The first study culminated in the publication of “Measuring the Frequency Occurrence of Handwriting and Handprinting Characteristics.” That study was followed by “Measuring the Frequency Occurrence of Handwritten Numeral Characteristics.” The premise of this current and future follow‐up studies is to expand on the initial lists of information incrementally by expanding the number of features and the number of writers. This study expands on the list of numeral features. A total of 34 numeral features was selected by the authors as candidates for this study and tested through an attribute agreement analysis. Based on the results of the testing, 17 new features have been added to the list of proportions. The original 1410 handwritten numeral specimen forms were utilized and pared to 1024 to obtain a proper population sampling for the United States. Interdependency testing was conducted on 783 pairs of inter‐character numerals. A coefficient of correlation between ?0.2 and +0.2 was found in 534 (68.20%) of these pairs. As of this report, there are now a total of 42 numerals with measured frequencies of occurrence. This material has already borne fruit as the combined frequency of occurrence studies were explained during an unsuccessful exclusion hearing in court with an explanation as to how these studies support the reliability of forensic document examination.     

经济纠纷案件中摹仿笔迹的新类型、新特点及检验对策

经济纠纷案件中涉及笔迹检验尤其是摹伤笔迹检验的比例日益增多。研究探讨有关摹仿笔迹在经济纠纷案件中的新类型及其特点,以及对此应采取的检验对策,在实践中有十分重要的作用。     

诌议中国笔迹鉴定的特色

我国笔迹鉴定以汉字为主要研究对象,有着悠久的历史和深刻的底蕴。半个世纪以来,经过几代人的艰苦创业,构建了成熟的理论体系,创造了系统鉴定方法,积累了丰富的实践经验,形成了鲜明的中国特色,在刑事及民事案件鉴定中发挥了无可替代的重要作用。当前,学术交流、内外互动不断增加,我们既要坚定信心、不断创新,又要博采众长,借鉴外部经验,为进一步科学规范我国笔迹鉴定作出应有的贡献。     

书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹检验

目的研究书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹的检验方法。方法通过实例研究分析成年人笔迹变化的特点和原因,确定笔迹性质和检验方法。结果书写习惯未定型也是成年人笔迹变化的重要原因。书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹是成年人正常笔迹的例外,适用正常笔迹检验方法。结论本研究确立了检材笔迹与样本笔迹非本质差异的判断标准,适用于短时间内变化较大的成年人笔迹的同一认定。     

Development of Individuality in Children's Handwriting

Handwriting of children in early grades is studied from the viewpoint of quantitatively measuring the development of handwriting individuality. Handwriting samples of children, in grades 2–4, writing a paragraph of text in both handprinted and cursive, collected over a period of 3 years, were analyzed using two different approaches: (i) characteristics of the word “and” and (ii) entire paragraphs using an automated system. In the first approach, word characteristics were analyzed using statistical measures. In the second approach, pairs of paragraphs were compared. Both types of analysis, single word and complete writing, led to the same conclusions: (i) handwriting of each child remains relatively similar when handwriting has been just learnt and becomes markedly different from grades 3 to 4 and (ii) handwriting of different children becomes progressively more different from grades 2 to 4. The results provide strong support that handwriting becomes more individualistic with child development.