吗啡及其代谢物在藏毒致死者体内分布初探

目的采用固相萃取、液相色谱一串联质谱（LC-MS／MS）检验方法,考察吗啡和葡萄糖醛酸吗啡（M3G）在一例体内藏毒致急性死亡者体内分布情况。方法提取死者心血、尿、胃内容物、肝、肾、脑等15种检材,经Waters HLB小柱固相萃取后,C18色谱柱分离,采用电喷雾电离（ESI）、多反应监测模式（MRM）检测目标化合物。结果所建方法在0．0l～101μg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,提取回收率大于75％。结果显示总吗啡含量（游离态＋结合态）在胃内容物中最高,其次是尿、‘肾,在心血、胃组织、肺和腺体中居中,脑组织和心脏含量最低。结论本例检验结果验证了胃内容物、尿液和肾脏等是该类中毒案件的理想检材,其分布规律也可作为体内毒品分析实验依据。     

原发性脑干损伤出血形态及分布特征分析

目的观察分析原发性脑干损伤出血灶的形态及分布特征,为法医学鉴定提供依据。方法选取34例原发性脑干损伤出血案例,常规制作病理切片,采用HE染色观察出血灶的形态及位置分布特征,并统计两者之间关系。结果原发性脑干损伤出血形态以裂隙样出血多见（61．6％）。出血灶位置分布组间比较显示,不同纤维走行和组织密度交界处、动脉周围、神经根等处以裂隙样出血多见（P〈0．005）;室管膜下主要表现为灶性出血（P〈0．001）;神经核团内出血较少,且裂隙样出血、灶性出血比例较为接近。结论不同纤维走行和组织密度交界处、动脉周围、神经根处的裂隙样出血是原发性脑干损伤的直接依据;神经核团内出血具有重要的法医学价值。     

土地发展权与土地增值收益的分配

快速城市化过程中如何合理分配土地增值收益,是我国当前土地制度深化改革亟需处理的重大问题之一。通过研究土地发展权的知识源流和制度变迁过程,以及其与土地所有权、土地规划管制、征收补偿标准、公共利益(比如耕地保护)等问题之间的关系,可以发现,土地发展权是土地所有权的组成部分,土地规划管制是作为主权者的国家对土地发展权的干预和限制,而非土地发展权的来源。部分土地增值收益返还社会并无不当,因为土地增值的出现确实与诸多社会因素有关,但实现这一目标的方式应当符合比例原则。为此,在土地征收的过程中,土地增值收益的分配要实现从"国家垄断土地一级市场+低征高卖"方式向"市场价格补偿+合理征税"方式转变;在耕地保护、环境保护等公共利益的维护过程中,土地增值收益的分配要实现从"土地发展权国有化+建设用地指标管制"向"规划管制+发展权市场化交易"方式转变。     

共犯论中的直接—间接模式之批判——兼及共犯论的方法论基础

构成要件论、法益论与规范论均认为,应将全体共同犯罪人区分为直接者与间接者。该模式符合直观的认识观念和朴素的正义情感,契合教义学中的存在论倾向和物本逻辑,因此对共犯论产生了持久而深远的影响。但是,直接——间接模式不仅与刑法教义学中的间接正犯、共同正犯、义务犯和未遂犯等理论冲突不断,还间接催生了共犯论中的诸多极端观点,阻碍了归责理念在共犯论中的贯彻,并抵制着共犯论方法论基础的更新。摒弃潜在影响了共犯论数百年之久的直接——间接模式,彻底走出存在论的迷思,也许是从共犯论困局中脱身的必由之路。     

现场血迹推断出血点位置的研究进展

血迹是命案现场最常见的痕迹之一,对血迹形态的分析是一种重建犯罪现场的有效方法,而根据现场血迹推断出血点位置则是血迹形态分析的主要任务之一。随着血迹研究的不断发展,出现了许多不同的方法（如传统拉线法、三角函数法、绘图法、计算机程序法、公式计算法、回归方程法等）用于推断出血点位置。通过结合国内外相关文献,对不同的方法进行了综述,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

论我国农村土地收益制度现状与改革

"三农"问题是我国建设社会主义新农村的核心问题,我国当前处于社会转型的重要时期,农村土地收益分配体系的健全关系到当代中国的经济发展、社会稳定乃至国家安全各个方面。但因对当前农村土地收益分配制度研究缺乏系统性,我国目前在这方面存在很多问题,主要表现为土地产权残缺、土地税费体系混乱、土地流转程序不规范、土地征收标准失衡等。全面把握分配主体之间的博弈关系,根据党的"十八大"精神提出相关对策建议,解决这些问题应采取规范土地产权制度、规范土地租、税、费制度、规范土地收益分配制度及完善相关配套制度的措施,使之能平衡各主体间的土地合理收益分配。     

同心圆模式:中国特色文化道路的思考

优秀文化是民族的灵魂,是维系社会稳定的基础,是构成国家综合国力的软实力。中国共产党在文化政策上遵循所谓同心圆式的发展,即以中华优秀传统文化为合理内核,不断地挖掘、重构,流通、向外输出、扩大影响,这一过程正是伴随着中国综合实力的日渐增强而推进的,凸显了中国特色社会主义的理论自信。     

Fuel Distribution in Brazil： Profile and Stability of Plural Governances

This paper is dedicated to the study of governances adopted by fuel distributors in their transactions with gas station retailers in the State of Sgo Paulo. With the deregulation of the market, plural forms were allowed and have been a recurring presence. The main aim of the paper is to investigate why these plural forms have remained on the market The main hypothesis of this paper is that the plural forms found are transitory, not as a result of increased efficiency and reduced transaction costs, but because plural forms have become a key strategic step in securing business partners and promoting greater growth of the firm. Moreover, it is argued that the institutional environment has a significant influence on the coordination of plural forms, directly interfering with their stability. The research method was qualitative research with a group of 25 distribution companies which account for about 80% of sales of ethanol and gasoline in the domestic market.     

乌江流域民族地区历代科举人才的地理分布

乌江流域民族地区是我国历代学校教育较为落后、科举人才较为匮乏的地区之一。该地区科举人才的分布呈现出整体落后、区域差距、阶段起伏、科举家族涌现等特点。宋、明、清三代 ,科举人才的地理分布形成“点→线→面”的格局 ,其成因有六 :一是政治因素 ;二是经济因素 ;三是教育因素 ;四是考试政策因素 ;五是文化因素 ;六是交通因素。民族地区科举人才的生成 ,不仅受制于多种政治因素 ,而且也受制于当时当地的经济、教育、考试政策、文化和交通等因素。     

The Rational Foraging Terrorist: Analysing the Distances Travelled to Commit Terrorist Violence

Abstract

This paper applies the distance-to-crime approach to the case of Improvised Explosive Device (IED) and shooting attacks conducted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) during the Northern Ireland conflict, 1970–1998. The aim is to (a) measure the typical ‘distance to crime’ (b) detect whether a distance-decay effect is noticeable and (c) investigate whether there is a discernible difference in the distance traveled depending upon individual offender characteristics or aspects of how the offence was committed. In particular, it highlights that many of the same dynamics that influence offender decision making within the volume crime world, also apply within the terrorism realm. Five findings stand out in particular. First, a distance decay effect is identifiable. Second, younger offenders travel significantly smaller distances. Third, complex attacks typically involve greater distances. Fourth, our results show the ability of leading decision-makers within PIRA to impact upon the day-to-day operations of the field operatives. Together the results reinforce the argument that when we focus on terrorism from a preventative angle, we should focus on their behaviors: what they do rather than remain preoccupied with concerns about who they are and/or what they might be like. Collectively the results also highlight the fact that for a finer-grained understanding of terrorist behavior we need to disaggregate on a number of levels: within the cadre of operatives, across terrorist attacks, across targets and within conflicts.