抵押合同债法效力的解释进路

《中华人民共和国民法典》第400条承袭《中华人民共和国物权法》第185条对《中华人民共和国担保法》第41条规定的抵押合同生效模式进行了改变,但同样未就抵押合同的债法效力问题作出明文规定。《中华人民共和国民法典》颁布前,就登记要件主义下抵押未登记时的抵押人责任,既有理论和司法实践将《中华人民共和国合同法》第107条之适用视为当然,对此,应当予以系统反思。就债法面向的抵押合同及抵押登记义务,在保证合同进路与买卖合同进路之外,存在以原因行为无偿性为切入点的赠与合同解释路径,抵押合同(之债权行为面向)之无名部分可以类推适用《中华人民共和国民法典》合同编赠与合同规则;进而,抵押登记义务因《中华人民共和国民法典》第658条第1款之任意撤销权而应予以柔化,从而使得《中华人民共和国民法典》第577条之当然适用一般性地落空;同时,柔化之抵押登记义务,可据《中华人民共和国民法典》第658条第2款之公证再予以要式强化;抵押登记义务柔化几乎一概性地排除了抵押人违约责任的证立,但债权人利益保护仍得于"三层次担保结构"中渐次加持而得以周全。     

附属刑法:实现刑法参与国家治理的有效形式

目前我国立法机关存在将有关行政法等部门法律直接引向犯罪的趋势。这不仅导致了附属刑法的弱化,甚至使附属刑法的作用被忽视,还对我国司法实务的操作造成了不便,将本不该由刑法规制的行为错误地划分为犯罪。为了解决这个问题,有学者开始关注我国并不存在的附属刑法。附属刑法本身具有实现维系刑法典稳定、衔接刑法与各部门法、为刑法提供持续性保证的功能。其具有实在内容、又以刑法典为基础和本源,故附属刑法是可以修正刑法典并达到刑法对社会治理作用的有效形式。     

Does the police code of silence vary with police assignment? An empirical exploration of the relation between the code and assignment

ABSTRACT

This paper contains an in-depth exploration of the relation between police code of silence and police assignment. A police integrity survey was used to measure the contours of the code among Croatian patrol officers, detectives, and community-policing officers. Samples of police officers evaluated fourteen hypothetical scenarios describing various forms of police misconduct. Whereas the type of assignment was a weak predictor of the respondents’ adherence to the code of silence, the respondents’ assessments of misconduct seriousness and expected discipline, as well as perceptions whether other officers would report misconduct, were strong predictors of the respondents’ own expressed adherence to the code.     

民法典编撰对医疗代理决定刑法效力的影响

《民法总则》在“监护”的内容中，明确了“尊重被监护人意愿”“最有利于被监护人”的原则，增加了“意定监护”等新规定。《民法典各分编（草案）》在“医疗损害责任”中，则进一步强调了“患者的知情同意权”。这意味着我国的医疗代理正由“法定主义”向“意定主义”转变。对无“自我决定”能力的患者实行医疗行为，除满足“医学适应性”“医术正当性”外，还要具备用以替代“患者的知情同意”的“医疗代理同意”这个要件才能实现刑事正当化。依据法秩序统一性原理，此时的“医疗代理同意”既不能简单等同于“患者家属的同意”，也不应是“医务人员的同意”，而应当是最为接近患者真实想法的“患者的推定同意”。     

欧盟私法法典化与我国民法典的制订

随着欧盟一体化进程的加快,客观上要求欧盟在私法领域制定一部内部协调统一、具有宏观性、体系性的民法典,经过法学家的理论准备,欧盟官方对学术研究的响应和对私法发展方向的正确选择,最终促使《共同参考框架（草案）》（DCFR）的完成。欧盟私法法典化进程中,虽然具有浓厚的工具色彩,但融合了不同的法律文化与传统,体现出了现代私法的最新理念与精神。欧盟私法法典化在法典的制定、法典的精神以及法典的结构、内容、统一性方面,无疑对我国民法典的制定具有很大的借鉴意义。     

群体性事件的刑法立场与处置对策

在中国社会转型过程中,群体性事件呈现多发、频发态势,极大地冲击了政府管理的基本秩序,同时对于经济发展的整体环境也造成了多维的负面影响,群体性事件的妥善处置已经成为法学理论所面临的新课题。从当下转型期群体性事件的基本发展趋势与特点来看,群体性事件的处置立场应当是在保护具有合理诉求的民众利益的同时,积极体现与发挥"刑罚刚性",有力惩治群体性事件中的恶性犯罪行为。此外,我们还应当反思与完善现有的经济政策、分配制度与法律保障措施,重塑政府公信力,进而催生一个和谐稳定的法治环境,以从根本上消弭群体性事件所隐含的社会风险。     

我国主要民事单行法中的诚信规定考察报告

考察诚信原则在我国主要民事单行法中的分布状况,分析诚信原则在对其有规定的6部民事单行法中的存在形态,论证在未规定这一原则的其他7部民事单行法中对其加以规定的必要,并分析主观诚信的客观化趋势。建议要么通过制定民法典统合民法中的诚信规定,要么通过整理各个民事单行法改变诚信原则设置不均衡的现状,并在术语上实现客观诚信与主观诚信的统一。     

Considerations on Compiling the Part on Nature and Ecology Protection of China's Environmental Code

The legal protection of nature has progressed from a separated to integrated protection of resources and environment. Looking at nature from a dialectical and unified perspective, sustainable development requires such integrated protection of the ecosystem for public sharing of natural wealth, convergence of governance of environment and resources, and promotion of ecosystem-based integrated management of environment and resources. China's Nature and Ecology Protection Law is gradually moving towards comprehensive governance for protection of the overall ecosystem. We must work harder to make such a comprehensive governance possible. Thus, China's environmental code (Code) must be moderately developed, including choosing the right title, the scope of work, the objectives and the compiling mode, and establishing a multi-level and diverse integrated system, and addressing five major relationships.     

Differentiation of coloured inks of inkjet printer cartridges by thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography

Document examiners are frequently asked to determine whether or not a colour printout has originated from a particular inkjet printer. The printer can rarely be identified unless some unique defects or irregularities of the printer are present on the printout. However, it is possible to decipher the make and/or model of the printer by comparing the ink-profile of the questioned printout with that of a seized inkjet printer cartridge or from one in a database. This paper presents an overview of a systematic approach to characterising and discriminating the inks of different inkjet printer cartridges using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with multi-wavelength ultra-violet/visible (UV/Vis) detection. Ink samples from 23 different inkjet printer cartridges (including originals and substitutes) of different brands and colour printouts, printed by known printers were examined with newly developed chromatographic methods. Subsequently, a database of the ink-profiles was generated. The methods provide a useful tool for discriminating coloured inks in inkjet printer cartridges of different brands.