Developments in educational legislation in Germany The program of the school – a new word in German school legislation

This article describes a conflict within the development of German schools towards more autonomy: by law the schools have to develop their own school program to describe the aims and goals of the school. But schools lack the knowledge to do so, and financial support can only be given in very rare cases. So this key element for the development of autonomous schools may not fulfil its purpose.     

论国际商事仲裁司法审查存在的问题及其解决

随着国际商事仲裁的发展,现行的国际商事仲裁司法审查制度逐渐暴露出很多不足和缺陷.这些缺陷集中体现在两个方面：首先,是各国在司法审查实践上的不统一.一些国家在承认与执行外国仲裁裁决时,并不考虑仲裁地国对仲裁裁决效力的界定,即使仲裁裁决已经被相关法院撤销,这些国家也会承认与执行,从而造成实践中的冲突.其次,国际商事仲裁司法审查制度无法充分解决“一裁终局”制度带来的问题,实体不公正得不到司法审查的救济.     

单次摄药毛发分析的研究进展

“迷药犯罪”是指对被害人下药后实施性侵犯、抢劫、诈骗等犯罪行为。单次摄入的镇静催眠类或迷幻类药物在体内迅速代谢,故难以用血液、尿液检测等常规方法来提供摄药证据,而毛发分析的长检测窗特点在解决这类案件时具有重要的价值。单次摄药的毛发分析要求检测方法有很高的灵敏度,需要用二级质谱检测器进行分析,且从头发采样、去污、水解、提取、分析的各环节均应注意防止污染,避免出现假阳性结果。采集的头发必须进行分段分析,除检测对应案发时间的头发段外,还应把其它头发段的检测结果作为对照,据此对分析结果作出严谨、科学的解释。目前已建立了31种镇静催眠药、6种苯丙胺类衍生物、GHB、硫喷妥及其代谢物戊巴比妥以及乙醇代谢物EtG等的检测方法,可以应用于实际案件的毛发分析。     

Political strategies of large companies and their significance for the implementation of the European single electricity market: the examples of France and Germany

Electricity supply in the European member states has been a closed national public sector service without competition for a long time. Currently, the European electricity industry is subject to radical change resulting from the European directive establishing common rules for the internal market in electricity, which came into force in 1997. This paper attempts to explain the varying forms of implementation of the internal electricity market in France and Germany. First, it clarifies the special characteristics of electricity supply and European electricity policy. Secondly, the paper shows the divergent sectoral arrangements of the French and German electricity industries. Thirdly, it points out that the different degrees of linkage between the public players and the electricity companies in France and Germany produce different political strategies which are followed by the companies at the European level, especially those strategies which seek direct influence on the European Commission. Finally, the paper reveals the significance of these strategies in Brussels in terms of the implementation of the single electricity market in both member states. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications     

人类DRB基因单核苷酸多态性研究

目的建立一种对单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)位点进行复合检测的方法,并对人类DRB基因的单核苷酸多态性进行研究。方法 应用荧光标记双脱氧核苷酸进行单碱基延伸反应,同步检测人类DRB基因10个单核苷酸多态性位点。结果 应用该方法检验了人类标准细胞株K562、9947A及其他法医学常见生物检材,包括血斑2份、精斑5份、烟蒂8份、毛发3份,各样品间未发现相同的单核苷酸多态性组合单倍型。DNA模板需要量仅为0.5~1.0ng。结论 该方法是对微量生物物证进行个体识别鉴定的理想方法。同时还可为法医学及其他研究领域进行单核苷酸多态性分析提供快速、高效的技术手段。     

A New Anti‐forensic Scheme—Hiding the Single JPEG Compression Trace for Digital Image

To prevent image forgeries, a number of forensic techniques for digital image have been developed that can detect an image's origin, trace its processing history, and can also locate the position of tampering. Especially, the statistical footprint left by JPEG compression operation can be a valuable source of information for the forensic analyst, and some image forensic algorithm have been raised based on the image statistics in the DCT domain. Recently, it has been shown that footprints can be removed by adding a suitable anti‐forensic dithering signal to the image in the DCT domain, this results in invalid for some image forensic algorithms. In this paper, a novel anti‐forensic algorithm is proposed, which is capable of concealing the quantization artifacts that left in the single JPEG compressed image. In the scheme, a chaos‐based dither is added to an image's DCT coefficients to remove such artifacts. Effectiveness of both the scheme and the loss of image quality are evaluated through the experiments. The simulation results show that the proposed anti‐forensic scheme can verify the reliability of the JPEG forensic tools.     

就《碾玉观音》（上）看唐宋时期的词语变化

宋话本《碾玉观音》(上 )充分展现了唐宋时期词语发生新变化的原因及其表现。这一时期的词语变化的特点主要有二个 :一是所产生的新词主要是双音词 ;一是词义发展继续利用单音词的形式。另外工商业的发展对词汇也有较大的影响     

The Legal Profession in the european Union – a Comparative Analysis of Four Member States

Cross-border legal practice has finally become reality in Europe mainly thanks to two factors: the legal framework offered to EC lawyers by the EC legislator and the effect of globalization on legal profession. This article focuses primarily on the success of EC/EU efforts in abolishing obstacles to the free movement of lawyers. Particular attention is drawn to the Establishment Directive, adopted in 1998, opening up new perspectives for lawyers. Secondly, it discusses how globalization has contributed to this development. In relation to the above, this article also explores the new concept of establishment stemming from the expansion of law firms in Europe. Thirdly and mainly, it considers the national positions and the difficulties in harmonizing the legal professions throughout Europe. The examples of four Member States: the UK, France, Germany and Italy demonstrate how much they differ from each other as far as the needs, expectations and rules governing the legal profession. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

DNA芯片分析单核苷酸多态性及其法医学应用

DNA芯片技术作为一门新兴的高科技生物技术,显示了它旺盛的生命力和迅猛的发展势头。单核苷酸多态性(SingleNucleotidePolymorphisms,SNPs)是最常见的人类基因组变异类型。它作为一种有效的人类遗传标记,在疾病相关性研究、药物基因组学、法医学、人类进化和迁移等研究中发挥了重要作用。它同DNA芯片技术结合运用也将在法医检验,尤其是亲子鉴定和个人识别中发挥重要作用。本文主要讨论了DNA芯片和SNPs的特点,以及二者联合运用于法医学的价值。     

灌服毒鼠强诱导大鼠细胞DNA的损伤研究

目的研究毒鼠强体内染毒后,毒鼠强对大鼠脑细胞、心肌细胞、淋巴细胞DNA的损伤作用。方法选择健康Sprague-Dawley大白鼠20只,分成5组,每组4只,采用灌胃方法使大鼠毒鼠强体内染毒,按0.2,0.1,0.05,0.01mg·kg-1制作大鼠毒鼠强中毒模型,并以灌服生理盐水的健康大鼠为对照,分离实验大鼠的淋巴细胞、心肌细胞和脑细胞,用彗星电泳的方法测定不同浓度毒鼠强中毒后的细胞DNA损伤。结果0.2,0.1,0.05,0.01mg·kg-1剂量组的毒鼠强均可引起大鼠的淋巴细胞、心肌细胞和脑细胞DNA损伤,均与对照组差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论毒鼠强诱导体内细胞DNA损伤可能是毒鼠强毒性作用机制之一。