Phenolphthalein False‐Positive Reactions from Legume Root Nodules

Presumptive tests for blood play a critical role in the examination of physical evidence and in the determination of subsequent analysis. The catalytic power of hemoglobin allows colorimetric reactions employing phenolphthalein (Kastle‐Meyer test) to indicate “whether” blood is present. Consequently, DNA profiles extracted from phenolphthalein‐positive stains are presumed to be from blood on the evidentiary item and can lead to the identification of “whose” blood is present. Crushed nodules from a variety of legumes yielded phenolphthalein false‐positive reactions that were indistinguishable from true bloodstains both in color quality and in developmental time frame. Clothing and other materials stained by nodules also yielded phenolphthalein false‐positive reactivity for several years after nodule exposure. Nodules from leguminous plants contain a protein (leghemoglobin) which is structurally and functionally similar to hemoglobin. Testing of purified leghemoglobin confirmed this protein as a source of phenolphthalein reactivity. A scenario is presented showing how the presence of leghemoglobin from nodule staining can mislead investigators.     

Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Red Seal Inks on Questioned Document

Seals are traditionally used in the Far East Asia to stamp an impression on a document in place of a signature. In this study, an accuser claimed that a personal contract regarding mining development rights acquired by a defendant was devolved to the accuser because the defendant stamped the devolvement contract in the presence of the accuser and a witness. The accuser further stated that the seal ink stamped on the devolvement contract was the same as that stamped on the development rights application document. To verify this, the seals used in two documents were analyzed using micro‐attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and infrared spectra. The findings revealed that the seals originated from different manufacturers. Thus, the accuser's claim on the existence of a devolvement contract was proved to be false.     

If Seals Were Ugly,Nobody Would Give a Damn: Propaganda,Nationalism, and Political Marketing in the Canadian Seal Hunt

The provocative debate over the Canadian seal hunt features emotional imagery, selective use of facts, a media relations battle, and political lobbying. This paper explores different forms of propaganda employed in the sealing controversy by animal rights groups and by the governments of Canada and of Newfoundland. It argues that Newfoundland nationalism is a central variable. This perspective can help gauge the effects of propaganda and explain the government's defense of a controversial policy. It concludes that propaganda, nationalism, and political marketing are independent categories that bear strong similarities.     

高科技手段伪造印文的检验

根据检案中积累的经验和实验研究结果从伪造印文形成方法、伪造印文特点、伪造印文检验要点等几个方面，探讨了利用激光雕刻、彩色扫描打印、彩色复印等高科技手段伪造印文的检验方法。     

The Criminal Justice System Creates Incentives for False Convictions

Abstract

The American criminal justice system creates incentives for false conviction. For example, many public crime labs are funded in part per conviction. We show that the number of false convictions per year in the American criminal justice system should be considered “high.” We examine the incentives of police, forensic scientists, prosecutors, and public defenders in the U.S. Police, prosecutors, and forensic scientists often have an incentive to garner convictions with little incentive to convict the right person. These incentives create what economists call a “multitask problem” that seems to be resulting in a needlessly high rate of false convictions. Public defenders lack the resources and incentives needed to provide a vigorous defense for their clients. Corrective measures are discussed, along with a call for more research.     

论证券市场虚假陈述的民事责任

证券市场上,投资者极力寻求发现并利用尽可能多的信息以作出理性的投资决策。然而,证券市场信息严重不对称,虽然市场不断发展成熟、监管水平不断提高,但是虚假陈述这一不和谐的市场杂音却愈演愈烈,已经严重影响到证券市场的正常秩序。当务之急是加强研究虚假陈述民事责任的性质和各构成要件,阐述虚假陈述民事救济的必要性。     

特里·伊格尔顿的意识形态观

英国马克思主义文学理论家伊格尔顿也许是西方马克思主义传统中继葛兰西和阿尔都塞之后最系统地探讨过意识形态概念的著名学者.本文试图阐明他的意识形态学说的基本特征.这包括四个方面:一、他既反对意识形态中心论又反对意识形态终结论,处于二者之间.二、他兼顾中性的意识形态与贬义的意识形态,广泛涉及意识形态的内含与特征.三、他对贬义意识形态尤其是意识形态认知方面的竭力维护和重新阐发,对"虚假意识"概念正名.四、他既非阿尔都塞主义者也非新葛兰西主义者,处于二者之间.本文认为,伊格尔顿的意识形态学说显示出一种中正平和的色彩,是西方马克思主义意识形态学说趋向成熟和精致的一种表现.     

False allegation of child abduction

Cases in which a child has been falsely reported as missing or abducted can be extremely challenging to the law enforcement agencies responsible for their investigation. In the absence of a witnessed abduction or an obvious crime scene, it is difficult to determine whether a child has actually been abducted or has become a victim of a homicide and a false allegation. The purpose of this study was to examine falsely alleged kidnapping cases and identify successful investigative strategies. Sixty-one adjudicated false allegation cases involving 66 victims were analyzed. The mean age of the victim was 5 years. Victims came from generally unstable, high-risk family situations and were killed primarily by biological parents. Victims were killed because they were unwanted or viewed as an obstacle to a desired goal, or they were victims of abuse or maltreatment that ended in fatality.     

论产品代言人侵权责任

产品代言人在从事代言行为过程中有独立的法律地位。对产品代言行为的法律调整不应该使其依附于虚假广告而仅具经济法意义,应在检讨我国相关立法的基础上使其受到侵权法之调整。产品代言人侵权责任应归属于产品责任这一特殊侵权行为范畴,并在匡正产品责任归责基点的前提下,使产品代言人与生产者、销售者一道承担连带责任。     

Differentiating Between Genuine Damage and Falsified Damage to a Garment Following an Alleged Sexual Assault*

Abstract: An allegation of sexual assault was made in which a bra was torn off by the assailant causing extensive damage; however, it was observed that the hook and eye fastening was still intact. It was felt that it was not possible for a garment to receive such damage without damage to the hook and eye fastening, thus indicating that the complainant caused the damage to the bra herself to support a false allegation. Reconstruction experiments were conducted in which the conditions of the allegation were simulated utilizing a range of similar bras. Following the infliction of damage, the hook and eye fastenings were examined. In eight of nine experiments, the hook and eye fastening were intact, despite the application of enough force to cause separation of the bra cups in five of the experiments. This shows that bras may suffer extensive damage without damage to the hook and eye fastening.