The Constitutionalisation of Party Unity: The Origins of Anti-defection Laws in India and Israel

In spite of a pronounced increase in the number of states that have adopted anti-defection laws over the past several decades, the literature on party unity in democratic legislatures has paid scant attention to understanding the conditions that lead to the adoption of such restrictive measures on the mobility of elected deputies. This article seeks to fill this gap. The authors provide a simple game-theoretic model to explain the passage of anti-defection measures in India, in 1985, and Israel, in 1991. These two democratic states were among the first to experiment with the constitutionalisation of anti-defection measures. Moreover, their comparison is important because although these laws were adopted under seemingly very different circumstances, they were supported with a strong consensus by both the government party, or coalition, and the opposition. It is argued that the reasons for the passage of the anti-defection laws in these two states were rooted in the strategic consequences of the changes that took place in the format of their party systems. The Indian and the Israeli cases show, respectively, that a dominant party system (India) and a tightly balanced bipolar party system (Israel) provided equally compelling incentives for rampant party switching between government and opposition, which therefore created an incentive for both sides to agree to, and adopt, a strict legislative measure to curb defections.     

过度劳动形成机理的博弈分析

我国预防过度劳动的相关制度、措施与愈演愈烈的过度劳动问题形成巨大的反差，为了缓减过 度劳动现状，探究其形成机理显得尤为重要。研究运用博弈论方法对过度劳动的形成机理从强制性过劳和诱致 性过劳两个方面进行剖析，指出强制性过劳和诱致性过劳的影响因素。在此基础上，提出完善劳动监察立法 , 增大违法成本；在工资制度、激励制度制定中充分发挥工会的作用并构建适度劳动的衡量机制，健全人力资源 管理制度；以科学手段预防“过劳死”问题等措施，来缓减过度劳动现状。     

转型期地方政府与中央政府博弈关系探析

随着市场经济的发展,地方政府权力逐渐增大。由于激励和问责机制的不健全、"行政区经济"的弊端及中央政府宏观调控政策乏力,一些地方对中央政府的宏观调控政策采取消极贯彻执行的对策,出现不合作博弈现象。当前,必须树立科学发展观和正确的政绩观,进一步加强中央政府权威,加大宏观调控力度,确保经济社会的全面协调发展。     

Tools for Anticipating Asylum Denials: An Application to Afghan Refugees in Pakistan, 1997-2001

The growing tendency toward non-compliance with internationalobligations to refugees requires UNHCR to make contingency plansfor asylum denials. Making such plans calls for tools, suchas game theory and confrontation analysis, that link non-compliancein refugee asylum with the configuration of interests for asylumand donor countries in a potential crisis. We illustrate suchtools in a case study of Afghan refugees in Pakistan in 1997–2001,which generated asylum denials by Pakistan ranging from briefborder closings to threats of mass refoulement, linked to thewithholding of assistance by the United States and other donors.We also consider the prospects for using these tools to informcontingency planning for an impending crisis.     

侦查讯问的博弈性探究

博弈论是研究理性行动者相互作用的形式理论,它正深入到经济学、政治学等社会科学,其原理也被广泛应用于这些学科。侦查讯问学本身也是一门研究参与双方决策互动的应用学科。讯问双方存在利益均衡点,运用讯问策略体现了博弈论原理,犯罪嫌疑人在讯问中面临不同“期望支付”的抉择,侦查讯问实际上是一个信息不对称的博弈。讯问的博弈性充分说明供述原理存在着博弈论根据。     

地方保护主义:地方与中央的博弈关系

地方保护主义造成了种种危害,只有通过转变政府职能、有效划分事权和加强法制建设的对策性措施,才能从根本上解决地方保护主义这一棘手难题,使中央与地方关系走上健康发展的轨道。     

Digital Game Playing and Direct and Indirect Aggression in Early Adolescence: The Roles of Age,Social Intelligence,and Parent-Child Communication

The roles of age, social intelligence and parent-child communication in moderating the association between digital game playing and direct and indirect aggression were examined in 478 Finnish 10- and 13-year-old schoolchildren based on self-reports. The results confirmed that digital game violence was directly associated with direct aggression, especially at age 10, but only among boys. The moderating role of social intelligence was substantiated among older boys: game violence was associated with indirect aggression among those with high level of social intelligence. Further, as hypothesized, digital game playing was associated with direct aggression especially when parent-child communication was poor, but only among boys. Our findings emphasize the importance of individual and situational factors as moderators of the link between game violence and aggression.     

国际贸易谈判的政治经济分析:一个初步的框架(6)

加入WTO将给中国的改革开放进程带来深远的影响,也将会对中国的经济管理体制改革和政府管理体制改革带来巨大的挑战。对国际政治经济学有关贸易与国内政治的研究、国际贸易理论关于贸易政策之形成的研究、国际关系理论和博弈论关于国际谈判的研究进行了评述,并从国际政治经济学的角度提出分析国际贸易谈判的一个初步的分析框架。通过强调国内政治、策略行为和国际规则的重要性,并从公民政策偏好的形成、利益集团集体行动、两国贸易谈判之间的双层博弈、国际规则的制约因素等多方面讨论了如何分析贸易谈判。     

互联网平台企业劳动用工策略的博弈分析

互联网平台企业中多元化的用工方式和灵活自主的用工制度强力冲击着传统劳动关系的边界,其便利的监管手段和大数据分析功能在某种程度上进一步加剧企业与劳动者地位不对等的程度,致使企业与劳动者关系不和谐、平台劳动者的身份难以明晰、劳动者的合法权益也未能得到有效的保护。目前司法实践、管理学界在保护平台劳动者的合法劳动权益、互联网平台企业与平台劳动者的关系类型及互联网平台企业的用工策略选择等问题上均未有定论。本文通过文献梳理总结出互联网平台企业和平台劳动者之间存在的劳动关系和劳务合作关系,并从合同法角度加以佐证。在此基础上构建企业与劳动者博弈收益分析模型,以及二者在劳动、劳务合作关系下的演化博弈模型和政府介入的有限博弈模型,发现互联网平台企业与平台劳动者的具体收益取决于双方的关系类型和相关参数的变化。     

The Ground Game in the 2012 Presidential Election

Relatively little research has examined the effects of campaign-led field activity in a competitive election. In this article, we leverage a unique data set containing the location of every Barack Obama and Mitt Romney field office and county-level data on the presidential vote to understand how communication with voters in the field may have affected the outcome of the 2012 presidential election. We find that the presence of Obama field offices was associated with greater Obama vote share at the county level, although we cannot detect a similar relationship for Romney field offices. We conduct additional robustness tests to address the potential limitations of these observational data. Ultimately, we conclude that even if Obama’s field organization out-performed Romney’s, the aggregate impact of Obama’s field organization was not large enough to determine the outcome of the 2012 presidential election.