Machinery‐Related Deaths: Relevance of Workplace Investigation and Antemortem Radiological Data in Reconstructing the Fatality

Abstract: Machinery‐related fatalities are one of the leading causes of traumatic occupational deaths. In our report, we present the case of a 40‐year‐old male who suffered a severe head trauma while working in a cut‐foam industry and died despite an early craniectomy. The radiological reconstruction of the skull based on preoperative computed tomography scans disclosed a large depressed conical fracture of the left parietal bone. The 3D‐reconstruction of the work area, combined with a fit‐matching analysis between the machinery and the depressed skull fracture allowed us to conclude that the head was crushed between the sliding bar of the cutting device and the metallic protuberance on the opposite side. The case underlines the importance of a detailed workplace investigation and of a thorough evaluation of all circumstantial, clinical, radiological, and autopsy data in the reconstruction of machinery‐related fatalities to identify any possible legal responsibilities of the worker and/or the employer.     

政府采购法制之发展路径:补正还是重构

国务院《2009年立法工作规划》明确将《政府采购法实施条例》和《招标投标法实施条例》列为重点立法项目,期冀以此完善实施不尽理想且近年来多为理论界批评与诘难的政府采购法制。借助具体化技术制定实施条例以解决法制不明确、不具体、缺乏操作性等问题是一种立法技巧与智慧;但希求其消弥政府采购法内在矛盾与冲突,则既基于错误的认识前提,也是对法制变迁传统路径之依赖。它不仅不能真正走出政府采购法制实施不理想之困境,反而进一步突出和固化了政府采购法制的内在不协调,增加了必须加以治理的新问题。现代制度变迁"硬核"理论和功能主义立场则昭示:重构才是政府采购法制变迁的应有路径。     

刑事证据制度发展中的阶段性进步——刑事证据两个规定评析

刑事证据两个规定针对司法实践中的重点与难点予以规范,初步确立了现代刑事证据法中的一些基本原则和规则,标示着我国刑事证据立法取得了阶段性进步。但是,从比较法的角度看,在两个规定中．对于正当法律程序、直接言词原则的体现并不充分;非法口供排除规则未能强调“任意性”标准,只是一种最低限度的排除;而对非法获得的实物证据采取宽容态度,不利于对公民财产权、隐私权的保护;大量的关于瑕疵证据可以进行补正和解释的规定,大大降低了刑事证据的可采性标准。目前有必要进一步完善具体的制度规范,积极改善司法环境,促进两个规定的贯彻实施．推动我国刑事法治向前发展。     

附条件不起诉制度探究

继我国明确提出宽严相济的刑事政策后,在我国以立法形式确立附条件不起诉制度在业界的呼声越来越高,我国有些地方也已经开始探索实践。借鉴国外的司法实践,在我国设立附条件不起诉制度是必要的,尽管我国设立该制度的构架还是简单的几方面。     

论国际法条件责任原则的最新发展

二次世界大战之前,国际社会普遍坚持条件责任原则,认为执行上级命令在一般情况下可以作为免除刑事责任的辩护理由;二战之后,纽伦堡审判确立了绝对责任原则,强调无论在任何情况下都不能将执行上级责任作为免除刑事责任的理由。《国际刑事法院规章》第33条是两种责任形式的融合。9.11事件后,恐怖主义的出现使国际社会对于执行上级命令能否免责的问题再次进行了思考。本文认为条件责任原则的存在,一方面是考虑到了军事社会的特殊性质,一方面也顾及到了当代对于战俘、普通民众的保护,并不会削减国际法的基础,是当代国际社会应当努力达成的目标。     

Accuracy and Repeatability of Trajectory Rod Measurement Using Laser Scanners

Three‐dimensional (3D) technologies contribute greatly to bullet trajectory analysis and shooting reconstruction. There are few papers which address the errors associated with utilizing laser scanning for bullet trajectory documentation. This study examined the accuracy and precision of laser scanning for documenting trajectory rods in drywall for angles between 25° and 90°. The inherent error range of 0.02°–2.10° was noted while the overall error for laser scanning ranged between 0.04° and 1.98°. The inter‐ and intraobserver errors for trajectory rod placement and virtual trajectory marking showed that the range of variation for rod placement was between 0.1°–1° in drywall and 0.05°–0.5° in plywood. Virtual trajectory marking accuracy tests showed that 75% of data values were below 0.91° and 0.61° on azimuth and vertical angles, respectively. In conclusion, many contributing factors affect bullet trajectory analysis, and the use of 3D technologies can aid in reduction of errors associated with documentation.     

Controversial Suicide Case Using a Submachine Gun with a Sound Suppressor—The Need of Team Work of Forensic Chemistry and Firearm Examiners

Evidence materials in a presumed suicide case were studied by a firearm examiner and a forensic chemist. The victim's body with double gunshot wounding in his forehead, a machine gun in the sustained fire mode with a silencer, and four cartridge cases were found. Examinations of the evidence, the case file studies, and experiments dedicated to the case were carried out. Relationships between the placement of cartridge cases and the gun were established using a fast camera. The distributions of gunshot residues on the evidence materials and within the comparative gunshot patterns were studied by means of optical and electron microscopy, X‐ray microanalysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The shooting distance was assessed to be 30 cm or more, whereas the greatest distance that could have been achieved by the victim himself was about 11–13 cm. The obtained results supported the version of homicide rather than suicide.     

认知脑电位检测在目击证人心理面孔重建中的应用

检验目击证人对犯罪嫌疑人面孔记忆的正确性是一项困难的工作。在证人面孔记忆的语义提取过程中,严格遵守完形原则,尽量减少影响证人记忆和再认的因素,把握细节,可以提高目击证人心理面孔重建的质量。认知脑电位检测法可以通过对记忆反应的脑电图成分、潜伏期、波幅等指标的测量,有效判断证人对列队辨认中的面孔是否存有记忆。本文对脑电位检测在目击证人心理面孔重建中的研究和应用进行综述,希望能为相关研究和实践提供参考。     

电动两轮车侧翻倒地滑动摩擦系数实验研究

目的两轮车侧翻倒地后的滑行摩擦系数是利用两轮车碰撞后倒地滑行距离进行速度计算的关键参数,论文通过试验研究提出用于道路交通事故速度计算的电动两轮车侧翻倒地滑动摩擦系数。方法在综合分析电动两轮车侧倒滑行摩擦系数影响因素的基础上,利用正交试验设计摩擦系数实验方案,并采用实车牵引的方法,在不同速度条件下,分别在干燥、潮湿的沥青混凝土路面及水泥混凝土路面上进行实验。结果实验所得数据显示,电动两轮车侧翻倒地滑动摩擦系数的范围为0.40～0.60。结论通过对所得数据进行处理,提出适用于电动两轮车交通事故再现的摩擦系数范围。     

基于MADYMO软件的交通事故中行人运动机理研究

事故重建、数据分析以及计算机仿真是行人安全防护研究的三个重要手段。行人运动机理的研究对于揭示人-车交通事故的特征具有非常重要的意义。文章以一起真实案例为基础,运用MADYMO仿真分析探讨真实交通事故中行人的运动机理。并以真实的交通事故数据作为验证手段。