Further investigations into the speed of cerebral swelling following blunt cranial trauma

An anesthetized sheep model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been developed to assess early changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) following closed head injury. Immediately after TBI, a transient (<10 min) hypertensive response occurred, followed by significant and prolonged systemic hypotension. ICP demonstrated a biphasic response, being seven times baseline values of 8 ± 2 mm Hg 10 min after injury, decreasing to 25 ± 2 mm Hg by 30 min, and then increasing to values exceeding 30 mm Hg by 4 h postinjury. ICP was always significantly higher than baseline values, which combined with hypotension, reduced cerebral perfusion pressure to less than 60% of normal. This early and sustained increase in ICP after craniocerebral trauma acutely alters cerebral perfusion pressure and brain oxygenation and provides a potential pathophysiological explanation for immediate clinical manifestations in humans following significant TBI.     

Mismeasuring Militias: Limitations of Advocacy Group Data and of State‐Level Studies of Paramilitary Groups

The errors associated with measuring the number of militia and patriot groups may cast doubt on conclusions drawn from prior studies of the spatial variation of these movements. Most studies of militias have been qualitative investigations of a single group, state, or region. A growing number of studies, however, have used quantitative techniques to assess the hypothesis that the number of militia groups by state covaries with structural and cultural forces. We outline a number of concerns with the validity of the counts, conducted by the Anti‐Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center, used by these studies. We re‐estimate models from previous studies using the four alternative measures of these groups employed in prior studies. We find that many inferences drawn for identical theoretical models differ based upon the measure used. These discrepancies apply not simply to tangential control variables but to indicators of key theoretical constructs. In other words, the decision as to whether or not a particular theoretical framework receives empirical support often depends upon which measure of the dependent variable is used. This suggests that the inconsistent findings in prior research may be due to measurement error and makes it difficult to assess the validity of the conclusions drawn from these studies. It is important to be aware of these weaknesses since scholars studying political crimes and related phenomena often use information from similar sources, making this specific example relevant to a more general area of research.     

制度有效性测度解析——基于制度经济学的视角

如何确定制度的有效性是制度经济学必须回答的问题。文章提出制度有效性的判定原则应包括制度的效率、制度的正义性和制度的增益性三个方面,并根据经济学的分析原理建构了一个界定制度有效性的测度模型。通过对制度有效性的研究,使我们对于制度内涵的把握和理解更加深刻。     

西方组织绩效测量路径研究的演进及启示

自组织绩效作为独立的研究概念提出以来，西方学术界对组织绩效的研究经历了相当长的时间，积累了丰富的成果。通过梳理不同学派对组织绩效概念的认知差异，进一步归纳出了五类与各学派观点相对应的组织绩效测量路径。并通过分析这些路径在着眼点、前提假设等方面的区别，深入探讨了各类路径的优越性、局限性及其适用范围，总结了西方组织绩效研究的特点，以期为国内的相关研究提供参考。     

针刺联合生物反馈治疗盆底松弛型便秘疗效观察

目的 观察针刺联合生物反馈治疗盆底松弛型便秘的临床疗效。方法 将60例盆底松弛型便秘患者随机分为研究组和对照组。研究组30例，采用生物反馈疗法联合针刺支沟、大肠俞、肾俞、长强、天枢、八髎等穴位；对照组30例，仅予以生物反馈治疗。治疗前和治疗至少1个疗程后，分别进行临床症状评分、肛管压力测定和Glazer评估。结果 两组便秘疗效比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05），研究组便秘疗效明显优于对照组。在降低排便费力、排便间隔、肛门直肠阻塞感积分，升高肛门直肠最大收缩压和最大耐受量，以及升高盆底表面肌的快速收缩值、耐受测试值及持续收缩值方面，研究组均明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 针刺联合生物反馈治疗对盆底松弛型便秘疗效确切。     

Interorganizational Collaborations for Humanitarian Aid: An Analysis of Partnership,Community, and Single Organization Outcomes

Abstract

This article explores collaborative activities across organizational and sectoral boundaries. Interorganizational collaborations are an increasingly common setup to address societal needs; however, current research lacks insights into such collaborations and their outcomes. This study contributes to the existing literature by assessing empirically perceptions of interorganizational collaboration outcomes, considering different dimensions that should be measured when planning and performing tasks of social interest. The article is set in the context of disaster relief, where actors from different humanitarian relief organizations within the public and nonprofit sector engage in collaborative activities. I describe how interorganizational collaborations create outcomes for (1) the partnership structure that is established, (2) single organizational members involved in the collaborative activity, and (3) the community targeted by the interorganizational operation.     

Decentralization and Economic Growth: Specification,Measurement, and Direction of Causal Relationship

The concept of decentralization has attracted the attention of scholars and policy makers alike for number of decades. Yet, there still remains a significant amount of confusion over its measurement and its contribution to an economy. Current literature on decentralization is characterized by the multitude of conflicting definitions and measurement instruments. Current literature on the relationship of decentralization and economic growth is also mixed. This article builds on the existing literature and develops a decentralization index that includes its most frequently mentioned dimensions. We find that our newly developed index captures decentralization concept better than other tools and that there is no significant relationship between decentralization and economic growth.     

白竭散对肛瘘术后创面血管生成的调控机制研究

目的 观察白竭散对肛瘘术后创面新生血管生成的调控作用并探讨其调控机制。方法 将75例肛瘘患者随机分为白竭散组、贝复济组、对照组,每组25例,均予以肛瘘切开挂线术治疗,术后第2天开始分别用白竭散纱条、贝复济纱条、凡士林纱条换药。术后7、14 d,分别于光镜下观察新生毛细血管数,采用免疫组织化学法及Western blot法检测肉芽组织中血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）、血小板内皮细胞黏附分子（platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecules,PECAM 1/CD31）及第Ⅷ因子关联抗原（von willebrand factor,VWF）的表达水平。结果 术后7、14 d,贝复济组、白竭散组毛细血管数均较对照组显著增加（P＜0.05）,白竭散组毛细血管数显著多于贝复济组（P＜0.05）。免疫组织化学法检测结果显示,与对照组比较,贝复济组和白竭散组的VEGF在胞浆内呈大量棕黄色颗粒,数量明显增多;CD31、VWF在胞浆内呈大量棕褐色颗粒,数量明显增多。Western blot检测发现,与对照组比较,术后7、14 d,贝复济组和白竭散组VEGF、CD31、VWF蛋白表达水平均显著增加（P＜0.05）;与贝复济组比较,术后14 d白竭散组VEGF、CD31、VWF蛋白表达水平显著增加（P＜0.05）。结论 白竭散通过增加创面VEGF、CD31、VWF蛋白表达,促进毛细血管新生,提高创面愈合速度。     

The development and pilot testing of a family treatment court best practices assessment: The model standards implementation scale

In 2019, the family treatment court (FTC) best practice standards (the Standards) were published to clarify attributes of FTC programs associated with superior child, parent, and family outcomes. The Standards cover the breadth of FTC operations including program structure and leadership, substance use treatment and complementary services, and behavioral responses to participants. This study aimed to develop an instrument (the Model Standards Implementation Scale; “MSIS”) that stakeholders can use to assess implementation of the Standards by individual FTCs. The MSIS balances usability with scientific validity. Interrater reliability (IRR), internal consistency, and several types of validity were assessed. Results indicated moderate to strong IRR, high internal consistency, mixed known groups validity depending on Standard, and high convergent and divergent validity. Initial findings suggest good validity and usability of the MSIS for evaluating FTC Standards' implementation. Notably, the process of using the tool functioned to educate FTC team members on the Standards. Although implementation of the MSIS is a resource-intensive process, the opportunity to receive constructive feedback proved to be an effective incentive for initial and subsequent participation in the evaluation among FTCs. Future research is needed to examine predictive validity, including association between Standards' implementation and family outcomes in FTCs.     

犯罪压力下的警力资源不足之探讨

中国警力资源不足是客观存在的,造成中国警力资源不足最为主要的原因是犯罪压力太大,而不是警民比例"太低",警民比例"低"是受认识和计算方法的影响所至,仅用警民人数比例生搬硬套来说明警力不足既不全面也不科学,存在很多理论上的误区和漏洞.除犯罪压力影响外,经费保障不足和资源结构配置不够合理造成警力资源失衡、警察体制机制问题、警察工作倦怠以及警察大量的身心健康问题也加剧了警力资源的不足.针对警力资源不足,可采取的相应对策有进一步深化改革,推进"三基"工程建设,将工作落到实处,注重在科技强警上下功夫,给警力松绑,增加经费的投入,从制度上提供良好的后勤保障环境,从优待警,留住警察人才,以及关心警察、注重解决警察的身心健康问题等.