A Model for Female-Perpetrated Domestic Violence

Child abuse often coexists with intimate partner violence. However, limited studies incorporate both phenomena in a single study. Moreover, the examination of female-on-male violence is an important development. Hence, an intrinsic case study of domestic violence is presented to provide insights regarding the nature and impact of female-perpetrated violence. The research approach was qualitative and demonstrated that a model for abusive behavior seems to be similar for both sexes. The data revealed theoretical trends such as the reality of an intergenerational transmission of violence into adulthood, as well as abusive partners presenting with borderline traits.     

The Need for Confidentiality in Evaluative Processes: Arbitration and Med/Arb in Family Law Cases

Arbitration, mediation/arbitration and arbitration/mediation allow parties to resolve their disputes usually more expeditiously, privately and with less cost than going to court. While confidentiality is seen as essential to the mediation process and often included in statutes, confidentiality seems less essential to a more adversarial process. Confidentiality provisions rest at the intersection between privacy and self‐determination and the protection of vulnerable parties in family law disputes. This article explores the importance of confidentiality clauses in drafting arbitration and med/arb or arb/med agreements.     

Parenting Coordination and Confidentiality: A (Not‐so) Delicate Balance

This article describes the current state and range of information protection in the growing number of states and Canadian provinces that employ parenting coordination in an effort to reduce repeat custody litigation. The predominant approach—in which what is revealed during the process is not confidential—is analyzed in terms of its compatibility with the parenting coordinator's multiple tasks of educating parents, seeking to facilitate agreements, and, if necessary, providing the court with a report, a recommended decision, or an arbitrated result. Using a case scenario with multiple parts, the article then examines such confidentiality schemes in practice by providing an action‐oriented series of questions that illustrate how much of this topic must be resolved through a parenting coordinator's exercise of discretion in the absence of rule clarity. The article then raises a number of policy questions about whether current parenting coordination confidentiality norms strike the optimal or even the correct balance on information protection and concludes by identifying several policy options that might address these questions.     

艾灸对腹泻型肠易激综合征模型大鼠海马与结肠组织中IKKβ/IKBα/NF-κB通路的影响

目的观察艾灸对腹泻型肠易激综合征(diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome,IBS-D)模型大鼠海马与结肠组织中核因子κB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B,IκB)激酶β(IκB kinase beta,IKKβ)、核因子κB抑制蛋白α(NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha,IKBα)、核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)(P65)相对表达水平的影响,探讨艾灸治疗IBS-D的机制。方法将24只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和艾灸组,每组8只。采用慢性束缚联合番泻叶灌胃方法建立IBS-D大鼠模型。艾灸组予以艾灸"天枢""上巨虚",每日30min,每日1次,共治疗7d。治疗后,观察大鼠稀便率和直肠扩张所引起腹部回缩反射(abdominal withdrawal reflex,AWR)的最小容量阈值;蛋白质印迹法检测海马和结肠组织中IKKβ、IKBα、NF-κB(P65)蛋白表达水平。结果与空白组比较,模型组AWR的最小容量阈值明显下降(P<0.05),稀便率明显升高(P<0.05);海马和结肠组织中IKKβ、IKBα、NF-κB(P65)蛋白表达水平明显增加(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,艾灸组AWR的最小容量阈值明显升高(P<0.05),稀便率明显下降(P<0.05);海马和结肠组织中IKKβ、IKBα、NF-κB(P65)蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论艾灸"天枢""上巨虚"改善IBS-D大鼠腹泻症状和内脏高敏感性可能与艾灸抑制海马与结肠组织IKKβ/IKBα/NF-κB信号通路有关,且其作用机制可能是通过脑-肠轴途径实现的。     

木丹颗粒对高糖环境下人血管内皮细胞Nrf2/ARE信号通路的影响

目的 探讨木丹颗粒对高糖环境下人血管内皮细胞核转录因子E2相关因子2（neclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2，Nrf2）/抗氧化反应元件（antioxidant response element，ARE）信号通路及血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）的影响。方法 将健康雄性Wistar大鼠30只随机分为正常组、模型组、木丹颗粒组，每组10只，制备含药血清；将正常组含药血清加入正常糖浓度培养内皮细胞，模型组及木丹颗粒组分别加入高糖培养内皮细胞；采用RT-PCR、Western blot分别检测Nrf2、血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1, HO-1)的mRNA及蛋白表达水平；采用ELISA法检测各组细胞上清液中VEGF含量。结果 与正常组比较，模型组Nrf2、HO-1的mRNA及蛋白表达均显著上调（P<0.05），VEGF的含量显著增加（P<0.05）；与模型组比较，给药组Nrf2、HO-1的mRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著上调（P<0.05），VEGF的含量显著减少（P<0.05）。结论 〖JP2〗木丹颗粒对高糖环境下人血管内皮细胞的保护作用机制可能与上调Nrf2/ARE信号通路的表达、降低VEGF含量有关。     

“Walking in her shoes”: The Impact of Victim Impact Panels on Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence

Restorative justice models have had success with some issues within the criminal justice system; however, advocates and researchers within the intimate partner violence practice community have been reluctant to embrace this model. Criminal justice responses for intimate partner violence continue to be founded on a blend of retributive and rehabilitative justice models. Despite this reluctance, use of the restorative justice intervention of victim impact panels, may have targeted utility for increasing perpetrators’ empathy for their victims. The author 2examined responses from perpetrators who were mandated to participate in a victim impact panel experience as part of the coordinated community system response to intimate partner violence.     

Weak states and uneven pluralism: lessons from Mali and Kyrgyzstan

We argue that certain important democratic practices and elements of pluralism are lasting features of political systems in many poor countries. Because of state weakness, such arrangements work to the benefit of both elites and citizens. The broader citizenry and civil society enjoy significant political freedoms and greater access to foreign aid. Elites tolerate these limited civil liberties and regular elections because they produce few costly consequences due to state incapacity. We evaluate this theory of ‘uneven pluralism’ in poor countries using evidence from a paired comparison of Mali and Kyrgyzstan. These two countries have experienced significant political turbulence, but on balance have shown a persistent and robust commitment to a free press, transparent elections, and respect for freedom of association. Our theory suggests that uneven pluralism is likely to continue in countries like Mali and Kyrgyzstan, even as significant limits on judicial independence, persistent corruption, and lack of government transparency make democratic consolidation unlikely.     

The origins of severance pay in unemployment compensation: a comparative analysis

ABSTRACT

This article contributes to an under-developed field in the social policy literature through an analysis of the origins of severance pay (SP)/redundancy pay schemes and, more specifically, their first designs in nine countries—Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal. It has two objectives: first, to identify the key actors who shaped the design of the first SP schemes; second, to explain variations in terms of their mode of regulation, generosity and coverage. By building on the state-centric and power-resource perspectives, it identifies the conditions under which the state had an autonomous role vis-à-vis organized labour in SP reforms and the circumstances under which organized labour was the main actor. When the state was the key actor, it preferred legislation for the regulation of SP either to legitimize its apparatus in a ‘revolutionary’/‘potentially revolutionary’ context or to facilitate structural transformations of the economy in a ‘reformist’ context. When organized labour was the key actor, its preference was to regulate SP through ‘only collective bargaining’ or ‘legislation’, subject to the degree of unionization. Lastly, the paper argues that key actors (the state or organized labour) took into account the distributive structure of existing UI schemes when designing the coverage and generosity structure of the first SP schemes during the post-war era.     

Do You Wish to Prosecute the Person Who Assaulted You?: Untested Sexual Assault Kits and Victim Notification of Rape Survivors Assaulted as Adolescents

In jurisdictions across the country, sexual assault kits (SAKs) have not been consistently submitted for testing and many cities are now submitting large quantities of SAKs for forensic DNA testing. As a result, some survivors will be asked to re-engage with the criminal justice system, a process that may raise complex issues for victims who were adolescents at the time of their assaults. The authors examine the experiences of 15 adolescent victims whose SAKs were not tested, and their decision-making pathways regarding reengagement with the criminal justice system years after the initial investigation. Findings reveal that characteristics of the initial assault, victim-blaming experiences, and the social support appear to be related to the decision to re-engage with law enforcement years after the initial assault. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.     

How Do Developers Respond to Land Use Regulations? An Analysis of New Housing in Los Angeles

There is strong evidence that land use regulations constrain housing production. We know less about how real estate developers respond to specific zoning provisions. I compare the characteristics of new multifamily housing with baseline land use regulations in two sets of rail station areas in Los Angeles. I supplement this building-scale analysis with expert interviews. I find that developers were most sensitive to density restrictions and parking requirements. The average development in the Vermont/Western area had 112% of the maximum allowable residential density and 94% of the minimum required parking. Koreatown’s average development had 99% of the maximum density and 88% of the required parking. But, there was variation by area and whether a building was affordable or market rate, apartment or condominium, and by development size. Additionally, regulatory implementation can matter as much as the written regulations themselves. I recommend that cities take an evidence-based approach to reforming regulations and implementation processes.