总结经验 部署验收 确保试点单位全面完成建设任务——全国“3111”系统建设现场会在义乌召开

为了进一步加强对城市报警与监控系统建设工作的指导，研究部署验收与评估工作，确保年底完成试点任务，公安部科技局于7月31日在浙江省义乌市召开“全国城市报警与监控系统建设现场会”；会议的主要内容是：全面回顾总结全国城市报警与监控系统建设试点工作的情况，总结经验，找出问题，分析原因，[第一段]     

基于GIS的都市应急疏散系统

我国是灾害频发的国家之一。自然灾害如近日发生的印度洋大海啸、工业事故以及潜在的恐怖袭击等严重威胁都市人民的生命安全。一旦发生重大灾害性事件，往往需要在短时间内安全地进行大规模紧急疏散高密集人群。实施科学的应急救灾策略，是减少灾害（事故）后果严重性的重要措施之一。本文提出了基于时变动态流的网络优化模型，该模型以最短疏散时间为目标函数，同时对疏散路径、疏散目的地以及疏散开始时间进行优化。并以此优化模型为基础，初步建立了基于GIS的大规模应急疏散系统。该系统可以模拟优化各种灾害条件下最优应急疏散策略，为政府有关部门在城市建设和城市防灾规划中的决策提供科学依据。该系统可用于城市应急规划设计和实时应急管理指挥。     

利用GIS技术开发给水管网信息系统

介绍 GIS等计算机技术及其在城市给水管网系统管理中的应用 ,结合重庆的实际情况 ,论述了开发给水管网信息管理系统的必要性和优越性     

GIS supporting intelligence-led policing

Tightening budgets and increased demand for public accountability has placed additional stress on already limited police department resources. Web-based crime mapping provides significant improvement over previous methods of information dissemination, allowing police departments to continue to work quickly and efficiently within these limitations. This modern technology has enabled a more proactive approach to policing, including intelligence led-policing and public facing crime maps. As such, officers are now able to better consider spatial patterns related to historic crime, and determine more informedly where crimes may occur in the future, and allocate their limited resources accordingly.     

Risk Terrain Modeling: Brokering Criminological Theory and GIS Methods for Crime Forecasting

The research presented here has two key objectives. The first is to apply risk terrain modeling (RTM) to forecast the crime of shootings. The risk terrain maps that were produced from RTM use a range of contextual information relevant to the opportunity structure of shootings to estimate risks of future shootings as they are distributed throughout a geography. The second objective was to test the predictive power of the risk terrain maps over two six‐month time periods, and to compare them against the predictive ability of retrospective hot spot maps. Results suggest that risk terrains provide a statistically significant forecast of future shootings across a range of cut points and are substantially more accurate than retrospective hot spot mapping. In addition, risk terrain maps produce information that can be operationalized by police administrators easily and efficiently, such as for directing police patrols to coalesced high‐risk areas.     

GIS技术在消防工作中的应用浅谈

消防工作中涉及到大量具有空间分布特性的信息,用传统的方法去收集、管理、分析这些信息已经无法满足目前消防工作的需要.运用日趋成熟的GIS技术建设现代化消防指挥中心,对于提高消防快速反应能力,保护国家人民的生命财产安全具有十分重要的意义。     

TRIPS协议保护地理标志规范评析

《TRIPS协议》是地理标志国际保护的一个里程碑,是第一个拥有150个签署方并规定最低保护标准的国际协议,也是第一个对GIs保护问题规定得最全面的国际条约。其第5部分规定适用高效的WTO争端解决机制来解决地理标志国际保护方面的争端,允许进行交叉报复。通过第71条定期审核和第23条关于协商的规定,给予协议的实施和发展以有效的监督,并预留了空间。《TRIPS协议》第3部分为地理标志权利人规定了获得救济的多种途径。对协议条款不允许提出保留,从而加强了协议的拘束力和实施效果。该协议是对其前地理标志国际保护公约成就的继承,也是对以往相关公约缺陷的弥补。《TRIPS协议》自身的缺陷包括协议保护范围的不确定性和例外、成员方的自由裁量权及对地理标志跨国争议案件裁决结果的不确定性。因此,TRIPS协议仍有许多用语和难题需要澄清和解决。     

Crime Mapping and the Training Needs of Law Enforcement

This paper explores some of the more recent developments within crime mapping and the broader application of geographical information technology within law enforcement. The information technology (IT) revolution and the reduction in computing costs since the 1980s has brought a range of analytical tools within the budgets of most police services, and one of the most significant changes has been in the way that spatial data are handled. Law enforcement has strong geographic currents at all levels of the organisation, and this paper examines three applications of geographical information systems (GIS) within policing: hotspot mapping; CompStat; and geographic profiling. The paper concludes by discussing the future training needs using a simple model of intelligence-led crime reduction. This model suggests that training for managers to enable a greater understanding of the analyses presented to them, and how to use mapping to further crime prevention and reduction, may be as important as increasing the technical ability of crime analysts. The challenge for the immediate future of crime reduction practice in law enforcement is less to worry about the training of analysts, and more to address the inability of law enforcement management to understand and act on the crime analysis they are given.     

Aoristic Signatures and the Spatio-Temporal Analysis of High Volume Crime Patterns

The spatial analysis of crime and the current focus on hotspots has pushed the area of crime mapping to the fore, especially in regard to high volume offenses such as vehicle theft and burglary. Hotspots also have a temporal component, yet police recorded crime databases rarely record the actual time of offense as this is seldom known. Police crime data tends, more often than not, to reflect the routine activities of the victims rather than the offense patterns of the offenders. This paper demonstrates a technique that uses police START and END crime times to generate a crime occurrence probability at any given time that can be mapped or visualized graphically. A study in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, Australia, demonstrates that crime hotspots with a geographical proximity can have distinctly different temporal patterns.     

Using Dasymetric Mapping for Spatially Aggregated Crime Data

With availability of crime data to the public via sources such as the Uniform Crime Reports, and increasing geographic information system (GIS) capabilities for mapping crime, macro-level studies of crime have advanced knowledge of how crime is distributed over large areas. Choropleth mapping, commonly used in macro-level studies, visually displays data by assigning the number of crimes or crime rate to the corresponding spatial unit and using different shades or textures for each value or classified values creating a thematic map. However, crime incidents or crime rates are not dispersed evenly within spatial units, and choropleth mapping masks the underlying nuances of the distribution. Artificial boundaries, along with variations in the size of the unit of analysis, can further distort the true distribution of crime. Dasymetric mapping provides a methodology for refining the distribution of crime within a spatial unit. It does so by using additional data, such as land use and census data, to provide a realistic estimate of how crime may be distributed within the units of analysis. Dasymetric mapping is also useful in creating density maps to reveal clusters of crime normally masked with choropleth maps. This paper will show how dasymetric mapping can estimate the spatial distribution of aggregate level residential burglary within political boundaries in Massachusetts based on land use and housing data.