A critical understanding of good governance and leadership concepts written in the context of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and the challenges to contextual discourse on Africa's development paradigms1

ABSTRACT

Good governance is a value-laden concept that is characteristically nebulous; it can mean different things to different people, depending on the context in which it is used. The same applies to leadership. Concepts, as Pauw (1999a, 465) puts it, are ‘tools of thinking’ and contexts are ‘the environments or frameworks in which they [concepts] operate’. Lucidity in the meanings of concepts is fundamentally important for shaping debate and enriching discourses. To maintain their power, concepts must be used in their proper contexts. This necessitates an understanding of the art of contextual discourse. Good governance is used in NEPAD as a principle and emphasised as a sine qua non for sustainable development in Africa. On the other hand, NEPAD premises Africa's re-birth or Renaissance on good governance and leadership, with a vision and commitment to repositioning the continent in global power balances. In this article good governance and leadership are considered as concepts. NEPAD is a textual context within which the two key concepts are used and should, consequently, be engaged. The article attempts a critical review of African scholarship engagement with good governance and leadership within the NEPAD context to determine the extent to which contextual discourse is practised. It further grapples with the immediate historical background to scholarship on Africa's development between the 1960s and early 1990s. The exercise reveals that much of the accumulated body of African scholarship and scholarship on Africa's development reviewed does not suffciently contextualise discourse on good governance and leadership within NEPAD, and its key assessment and monitoring device, the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM), and offers an alternative framework.     

法律起源的进化生物学解释

法律起源研究是观察和探讨一切现代法律现象的前提,是法理学的基础问题之一。不同法学流派以及哲学、人类学、社会学或心理学等学科都对这一问题提出了不同的解释,但至今无法取得基本共识。如果仍然局限于传统研究范式,其研究取得重大进展的可能性已经不大。生物进化既包括有机体进化,也包括文化进化,二者均为进化生物学的研究对象。法律是一种文化现象,而文化现象至少1400万年前就已在生物界中出现并进化至今,因此法律必定脱胎于文化进化史的某个阶段,这就为在法律起源问题研究中引入进化生物学范式提供了可能。     

To Our Benefit or at Your Expense? Justice Considerations in Intergroup Allocations of Positive and Negative Resources

Several studies consistently demonstrated a positive-negative asymmetry in social discrimination. In line with classical minimal group experiments, laboratory groups favored their in-group when allocating positive resources or evaluating positive dimensions. However, they refrained from discriminating behavior as soon as negative resources had to be distributed between groups. We propose that this is due to valence-specific differences in the consideration and perception of social justice. Several studies tested whether social norms inhibiting in-group favoritism and out-group derogation are differently interpreted or weighed due to the valence of resources. Consequently, a survey of these studies is given and their implications for classical theories on intergroup behavior and future research on social discrimination are discussed.     

从“主、客二分”到“主、客一体”

"主、客二分"和"主、客一体"这两种范式的基本特点和主要区别在于,前者的基本观点是"主体=人、客体=物",后者的基本观点是"主体≠人、客体≠物"。从"主、客二分"到"主、客一体"的范式转变,具有重要的意义和作用:是彻底克服"主、客二分"范式的逻辑弊病,发扬"主、客一体"范式理论优势的需要;是发展环境资源保护事业,建设生态文明的需要;是告别旧时代,信任和投入新时代的需要;是学科健康发展、深化科学研究和创新的需要。     

略论法学研究范式的历史类型

本文以库恩的“范式”为基础,对法学思想史中的自然法学、分析-实证法学、社会学法学等重要法学流派进行了范式类型划分,总结出历史唯物主义法学研究范式和历史唯心主义法学研究范式、应然型法学研究范式和实然型法学研究范式、概念法学研究范式和经验法学研究范式、建构论法学研究范式和进化论法学研究范式等几个对应性范式,条分缕析,不仅提供了新颖的法理学研究视角,而且具有比较重要的现实意义。     

登记物与非登记物之区分的法律意义

不动产、动产之划分的基础性地位,因登记动产的出现而发生动摇。登记物、非登记物之划分,可以作为最基本的物的分类,成为物权体系展开的新基础。立法论上,可采取嫁接模式,规定登记动产适用不动产规则,以实现登记物内部规则的基本统一。登记动产之外的普通动产作为非登记物,仍适用原有的动产规则。     

Perverse Effects of Unfulfilled Norms: A Look at the Roots of Favoritism

In four experiments, 120 subjects had to judge and reward the performance of players in a game. When no player fulfilled the norm of the game, subjects gave rewards arbitrarily or favored their friends among the players; when some players fulfilled the norm of the game, subjects made fair judgments, rewarding the players who fulfilled the norm, and they did not favor their friends. These findings suggest that research on in-group favoritism should include a serious discussion of the formal norms that regulate people's decisions when they have to allocate rewards.     

“科学公益”的社会建构:模型、话语与范例

公益慈善的科学化已成为当代中国慈善事业转型的重要特征。本文通过对21世纪一场“科学公益”运动的话语和实践的分析,试图理解科学公益的社会建构过程。本文指出:“科学公益”的社会建构过程包括建设话语表征、打造理论模型以及树立典范案例。科学公益话语试图将自己区别于传统慈善,强调应用科学及其技术来赋能公益慈善,解决社会问题。其后果却是让有效性诉求逐渐成为公益慈善场域的支配性要素。同时也带来了问题表征化、方法单一化以及科学中心化等诸多陷阱。如何让科学公益成为一个流动的概念,让其真正成为人人皆可参与的公民科学,是需进一步探索的新方向。     

钱钟书论韩愈

韩愈为中古思想文化转型的重要人物,钱氏秉其“以变为常”之文学史观,于文本细读之中,推知昌黎之双向接受,并进而体察昌黎为诗文转折关捩原因之所在,同时秉同情了解之态度,于昌黎言行之不合处作平情之论。钱氏论韩出以札记形式,故而形式略觉零散,但细味之,则系统而有条理与钱氏解诗之范式有本末并照之趣,可由此而知钱氏谈诗之“一以贯之”者,并可于钱氏之性情作玄想之体会。     

经济全球化与发达国家的政府治理范式创新运动

90年以来,西方发达国家掀起了旨在构建适应经济全球化的政府治理范式运动,以便完善国家创新体系,增强国家竞争力。本着重分析了这一运动的基本内涵、兴起的动因及其理念取向,目的是把握经济全球化时代政府治理范式创新的大趋势,以便为我国行政改革理论的完善和行政改革实践的推行提供有益的启示和借鉴。