Potency levels of regulated cannabis products in Michigan 2021–2022

Evaluation of cannabinoid concentrations in products from the legal cannabis market has been fraught with uncertainty. The lack of standardized testing methodology and the susceptibility of cannabinoids to degradation under certain storage conditions complicates the efforts to assess total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels across wide geographic areas. There are few peer-reviewed surveys of cannabinoid concentrations in regulated products. Those that have been done have not characterized the effects of differences in analytical methodology, sample population, and storage conditions. Viridis Laboratories, which operates two cannabis safety compliance facilities in Michigan, has analyzed over 34,000 cannabis products throughout 2021 and 2022 before the sale in the regulated market. Fifteen cannabinoids in cannabis flower, concentrates, and infused products were tested using methanolic extraction and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Methods were validated before use, and the flower analysis procedure was certified by the Association of Analytical Collaboration. All the samples were tested before submission for sale and therefore had not undergone prolonged storage. The results are compared with those seen in other states as well as in the illicit market. Total THC levels in cannabis flower from the regulated market are significantly higher than those seen in illicit products. The distribution of cannabinoid levels is similar in flowers intended for either the medicinal or adult-use markets, with an average potency of 18%–23% of total THC. Total THC in concentrates averages up to 82%. Other cannabinoids are observed at significant levels, mostly in products specifically formulated to contain them. These results may act as a benchmark for potency levels in the regulated market.     

“互联网+”时代下的图书馆发展研究

“互联网+”时代的来临对社会的各个方面都产生了巨大影响,对图书馆的发展也带来了影响与挑战。“互联网+”时代的图书馆将如何发展,如何合理规划建设图书馆的各类资源,怎样用“互联网+”思维发展图书馆,已成为“互联网+”时代亟待研究的热题。     

创新“服务型”农村警务的实践—山西寿阳“流动警务室”调研报告

2007年3月,山西寿阳县公安局在全县的山区农村创造并启动了以“流动警务车”为载体的“流动警务室”工作模式,受到了来自各个方面的赞誉。“流动警务室”是宗旨意识和执法为民思想的创新实践,是“服务型”社区和农村警务建设的创新实践,是强化公安机关能力建设的创新实践,是提高公安工作综合绩效的创新实践,它为我省乃至全国类似地区的农村警务建设和实践提供了有益的启示和借鉴。     

Introducing the Open Clause to improve copyright flexibility in cyberspace? Analysis and commentary on the proposed “two-step test” in the Third Amendment to the Copyright Law of the PRC,in comparison with the EU and the US

The so called “three-step test”, that the limitations and exceptions of copyright shall be allowed in certain special cases, provided that they do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author, grants copyright flexibilities to balance the interests of all stakeholders, especially within the European system of circumscribed limitations and exceptions. This is essential for the domain of computer law, confronted by rapid and unpredictable global technological developments, and is, thus, enshrined in the most important international intellectual property (IP) treaties. Through the proposed third amendment to the Copyright Law of the PRC, the legislature intends to adopt this test while also introducing an open-ended list of limitations and exceptions that constitutes a China-specific “two-step test.” This contravenes prima facie the thesis endorsed by the WTO Panel in the case concerning Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act in 2000. In contrast, court decisions in China frequently apply the fair use doctrine of US copyright law, neglecting to consider its peculiar context of the US common law tradition and, thus, unduly expanding the Chinese courts' discretionary power.This paper summarizes the case law in China and takes a comparative approach to address the divergence between the judicial application of cyber copyright law and the existing legislation. It suggests revising the proposed Article 43 of the Copyright Law of the PRC to capture the due interpretation of the three-step test, thereby finessing the delineation between rights protection and free use with the compensation of remuneration under the principle of proportionality. It argues that transplanting the US fair use doctrine into Chinese copyright law is feasible, but with the preconditions of endeavouring to strengthen judicial reform to integrate the IP adjudication systems, enhancing the coherence and efficiency of copyright enforcement, and facilitating consistent dialogues between scholars, practitioners, and lawmakers.     

A Neoconservative Consensus in Russia?

This article analyzes the ideational consensus that has taken shape in contemporary Russian politics, including its key components, and factors both of stability and of potential erosion. Noting the extraordinary durability of this consensus, which is supported by factors including the duration of the regime itself, its support among elites and the bureaucracy, effective mobilizational propaganda and conservative orientations among the middle classes and dominant public opinion, the author draws attention to several factors – as yet less evident – that may in the future change the situation. Among these are the volatility of public opinion, potential intra-elite dynamics, and the internal contradictions of the neo-conservative idea itself.     

On Individual Business System in Normal Market

Individual business is a business entity system created in the practice of reform and opening up in China. It is the largest market entity in China, and its vitality lies in the "family culture" characteristics of Chinese society. Although individual businesses have been confirmed by law at all levels, they still have transitional and non-normative doubts. In some places, individual businesses have been transformed into enterprises. Individual businesses take advantage of the natural credit bond, low cost of organization and coordination, and are targeted to meet the needs of the market, which is conducive to absorbing employment and balancing wealth, easy to disperse and digest business risks, and has a competitive advantage in the low-end market. In a normal market, the rational choice of the parties concerned should be respected, the hierarchical structure of the market should be adapted, the complete ecology of market subjects should be maintained, and the reform of individual enterprises should be prudently implemented.     

Potency Trends of Δ9‐THC and Other Cannabinoids in Confiscated Cannabis Preparations from 1993 to 2008*

Abstract: The University of Mississippi has a contract with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) to carry out a variety of research activities dealing with cannabis, including the Potency Monitoring (PM) program, which provides analytical potency data on cannabis preparations confiscated in the United States. This report provides data on 46,211 samples seized and analyzed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection (GC‐FID) during 1993–2008. The data showed an upward trend in the mean Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹‐THC) content of all confiscated cannabis preparations, which increased from 3.4% in 1993 to 8.8% in 2008. Hashish potencies did not increase consistently during this period; however, the mean yearly potency varied from 2.5–9.2% (1993–2003) to 12.0–29.3% (2004–2008). Hash oil potencies also varied considerably during this period (16.8 ± 16.3%). The increase in cannabis preparation potency is mainly due to the increase in the potency of nondomestic versus domestic samples.     

高等学校“概论”课开放式教学方式探索——“听、读、评、写、研”教学模式实践及启示

在“毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论”课程教学中开展“听、说、读、评、研”教学活动,是深化教学改革,培养创新型人才的可行途径之一。在教学中结合课程内容让学生读一些相关的书目,搞一些同学们有兴趣又能参与其中的活动,使同学们在了解历史但又不脱离现实生活的状态下,既掌握了知识又活跃了课堂气氛,提高了同学们的理论素养以及分析问题和解决问题的能力,从而坚定在中国共产党的领导下走中国特色社会主义道路的理想信念。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒重组质粒pEGFP-NSP9的构建与表达

为验证siRNAs对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒复制的抑制效果,构建了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒NSP9基因与增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因GFP的融合表达质粒,并在Marc145细胞中进行了表达。通过RT-PCR方法扩增猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒NSP9基因,将其克隆入表达载体pEGFP-N1,并进行双酶切、PCR及测序鉴定。将阳性重组质粒转染Marc145细胞,检测绿色荧光蛋白的表达和NSP9基因转录水平。结果显示,经双酶切及PCR鉴定,目的基因的大小与预期相符。荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪均检测到细胞内绿色荧光蛋白的表达,荧光定量PCR检测到细胞内有NSP9基因的转录。本研究成功构建的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒NSP9基因GFP融合表达质粒,为在细胞水平快速筛选有效的siRNAs提供了工具。     

三株鸭源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒福建株全基因的测序及遗传进化分析

为明确3株鸭源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒福建株A/Muscovy duck/Fujian/CL/1997(H9N2)(简称CL株)、A/duck/Fujian/MH/2003(H9N2)(简称MH株)和A/duck/Fujian/FQ2/2007(H9N2)(简称FQ2株)全基因组的分子特征和遗传进化情况,采用RT-PCR方法扩增这3株病毒全基因片段,并进行序列比较及遗传进化分析。结果表明,所克隆的8个基因片段均有完整的开放阅读框,其血凝素基因蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸组成为-RSSR*GLF-,为不连续的碱性氨基酸,其静脉接种指数远小于1.2,均符合低致病性AIVHA蛋白裂解位点特征;CL株和MH株的HA基因在遗传进化上属于常见的CK/BJ/1/94群系;FQ2株HA基因在遗传进化上属于DK/HK/Y280/97群系,3株H9N2亚型AIV HA基因在遗传进化上均属于经典的欧亚种系。3株H9N2亚型AIV NA基因颈部均存在缺失,CL株和MH株的NA基因在遗传进化上属于常见的CK/BJ/1/94群系,FQ2株NA基因在遗传进化上属于G1群系。CL株和MH株的其他6个基因在遗传进化上均和经典的CK/BJ/1/94一致,而FQ2株则可能是由不同流感病毒基因亚系间发生自然重排的产物。