Suicide squad: Boko Haram’s use of the female suicide bomber

Boko Haram first began using the tactic of suicide bombings in 2011 and in 2014 started using female suicide bombers. This research focuses on gender differences in the use of suicide bombers. The data were collected using open sources from June 16, 2011 to June 15, 2018. Using this longitudinal data, trends are described over that 7-year period, focusing on the use of females. A majority of the suicide bombings target civilians in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. More than half of the bombers were women and girls, some as young as 7?years old, and there were more than 60 incidents where the bomber was below the age of 15. More female bombers were used to targets civilians, whereas men were used more often to target government, police, and military targets. Female suicide bombers were used in Cameroon, whereas males were used more often in Nigeria. Additionally, females used suicide belts or vests, whereas men carried out the overwhelming majority of vehicle-borne suicide bombings. In many cases, the use of the women as bombers involved coercion. The unprecedented use of female suicide bombers, particularly young girls, should be a focus of policy moving forward.     

Do FDI patterns differ between manufacturing and service sector in CEE countries

In the paper, we presented results of the research, realized with the goal to test main determinants influencing on FDI stock in manufacturing and services in transitional countries, precisely CEE countries. Some of the conceptual issues identified under possible differences of FDI determinants in manufacturing and services we started with were： （1） What are the most important determinants of FDI in manufacturing and services？ （2） Are there significant differences between the main influencing determinants/factors between manufacturing and services？ （3） Are there significant differences between FDI determinants for developing countries/transitional countries and industrial countries？ （4） What are the implications for policies and strategies to attract FDI in different industries for developing countries？ Dependent variable used in this paper is the FDI stock p/c （NACE 1-digit） into manufacturing and service sector for each observed CEE country, in the period 1999-2006. In case of our sample countries, a set of possible FDI determinants was selected from the pool of traditional and institutional-related determinants in the literature, and relevant indicators available. Empirical analysis was conducted by the regression assessment of panel data, using the set of data for CEE countries, studied over eight years. We estimated fixed effects model and OLS with panel-corrected standard errors （PCSEs） using Prais-Winsten to take into account the AR（1） process. Two out of four traditional variables showed differences between the manufacturing and service sector： （a） Inflation, as the indicator of macroeconomic instability, was not statistically significant for manufacturing sector but it was significant for service sector; （b） wages had statistically significant influences on the FDI in manufacturing sector, but had no influence on service sector. Looking at the results of testing indicators we had found significant differences between all indicators： （a） Privatization influenced on FDI attractions in manufacturing sector and it was significant for service sector, with negative influence; （b） wages had statistically significant influences on the FDI in manufacturing sector, but had no influence on service sector; and finally （c） other two traditional variables-market size indicated through GDP p/c and openness of economy had the same results for both, manufacturing and service sector.     

Analysis of neck injuries in hanging

Retrospective study of suicidal hangings was made on 175 cases (133 male victims, 42 female victims) for a 5-year period. The mean age was 47.33 +/- 17.51 years. The sample was divided in 4 groups according to the position of the ligature knot (anterior, right, left, and posterior hanging). The authors analyzed all visible injuries of soft tissues and bones and cartilage of the neck, and in 150 cases (85.7%), we established that there was at least one injury of these structures (hematoma or fracture for example). The most frequent injury was to sternocleidomastoid muscles. Fracture of throat skeleton was detected in 119 cases (68%). The proportion of fractures increases with age of the deceased. There was no clear correlation between frequency of neck injuries and type of hanging.     

Importance of Interdisciplinary Spatial Planning of National Parks＂ Case Study of Croatia

With the attempt to ＂reconcile＂ protection and tourism activities, spatial planning has a great importance in sustainable planning and management of Nature Protected Areas （NPAs）. The spatial dimension of sustainability involves numerous processes and links among different purposes of lands, ecosystems, and biotopes at different levels through time, therefore, it is necessary to include all sciences and professions, whose common goal is the sustainability of the area, in the spatial planning process. This paper argues that there is a critical need for an interdisciplinary approach in spatial planning, which could improve the quality of planning of national parks and all other sensitive nature areas. Such approach should strive to the sustainability of protected nature destinations with the integration of knowledge. In Croatia, national park planning is still mostly done without comprehensive and integrated involvement of a wide range of science and profession, which ultimately significantly reduces the quality ＆the plans, as well as may have potentially negative effects on the future development.     

Attorneys’ career dissatisfaction in the new normal

The 2008 economic recession had a seismic impact on the legal market. In this article, we empirically assess whether the recession has made law an unsatisfying career. Relying on survey data from over 11,000 active members of the State Bar of Texas, we find that only 13.5 percent of all attorneys and 11.5 percent of full-time attorneys are dissatisfied with their careers. Newer attorneys report greater career dissatisfaction than more experienced attorneys, yet they too are largely satisfied. We also determine using logistic regression that three factors are highly predictive of lawyers’ career dissatisfaction: (1) comparatively low incomes; (2) working in private practice as opposed to in government or non-profit/public interest; and (3) law firm employment in a non-partnership role. Equally important, debt and lower class rank only slightly increase the odds of career dissatisfaction; and race, gender, years of practice experience, and firm size have no effect.     

EVAR FOR ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM IN ELDERLY PATIENTS,AND THE BIOETHICAL ISSUES THAT COULD GENERATE

Open repair is likely to be more cost-effective than EVAR on average in patients considered fit for open surgery. EVAR is likely to be more cost- effective than open repair for a subgroup of patients at higher risk of operative mortality. These results are based on extrapolation of mid-term results of clinical trials. But how does that affect on patients who are older than 80 years. Late survival depends very much on the patient＇s age at the time of surgery. The life expectancy in this group of patients who undergo successful Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm （AAA） open repair or EVAR is not as good as that of the age-matched general population. At this age, life expectancy is six years or more over patients who are older than 85 years, life expectancy is just five years. On the other hand, annual/one year risk of rupture in patients with AAA diameter six to seven cm is 10%-20%. At the same time, total cost of endograft implantation is at least 10,000 euro per patient, which is still extremely expensive for many countries in transition. Regarding all these facts, some countries （in transition） are forced to reassess ethical point of endovascular treatment. Simplified they haven＇t enough endografs for all patients. Vascular surgeon in this situation has need to decide how, when and who needs by priority this expensive graft. Of course, this is not medical question, but for sure question that encumbers vascular surgeons from countries in transition. Should we consider octogenarians as the first group of patient who will endure this problem？ How to decide who needs endograft as priority and who does not？ Finally, who is better candidate for endovascular, open surgical or medicament treatment from financial point of view？ These are just some of the questions, which are still open and encumber many vascular surgeons from countries with poorer healthcare system.     

Refugee women in Serbia – invisible victims of war in the former Yugoslavia

In this paper, I explore the experiences of women who found refuge in Serbia during the war in the former Yugoslavia. I look at the women's experiences of both leaving home and coping with everyday life in refuge. The exploration of refugee women's experiences is mainly based on analyses of their own stories, which I collected while researching women and war. In spite of all the hardship of their lives, refugee women who fled to Serbia have been treated by Western media, the public and aid organizations as ‘UNPEOPLE’ or as non-existent. Making their experiences visible as women, refugees and citizens is the main purpose of this article.