Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Assay for Genetic Identification of Lophophora williamsii*

Lophophora is a member of the Cactaceae family, which contains two species: Lophophora williamsii and L. diffusa. Lophophora williamsii is an illegal plant containing mescaline, a hallucinogenic alkaloid. In this study, a novel method based on a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay was developed for identifying L. williamsii; this assay reliably detects SNPs within chloroplast DNA (rbcL, matK, and trnL-trnF IGS) and was validated for identifying Lophophora and L. williamsii simultaneously. The chloroplast DNA sequences from four L. williamsii and three L. diffusa plants were obtained and compared using DNA sequence data from approximately 300 other Cactaceae species available in GenBank. From this sequence data, a total of seven SNPs were determined to be suitable for identifying L. williamsii. A multiplex assay was constructed using the ABI PRISM^® SNaPshot™ Multiplex Kit (Applied Biosystems, Forster City, CA) to analyze species-specific SNPs. Using this multiplex assay, we clearly distinguished the Lophophora among 19 species in the Cactaceae family. Additionally, L. williamsii was distinguished from L. diffusa. These results suggest that the newly developed assay may help resolve crimes related to illegal distribution and use. This multiplex assay will be useful for the genetic identification of L. williamsii and can complement conventional methods of detecting mescaline.     

美国干预联合国事务的行为根源--从美参议员要求安南辞职谈起

美国作为联合国常任理事国对联合国的形成和发展做出过突出贡献.同时,美国对联合国事务的干预也达到了绝大多数成员国难以容忍的程度.本文认为,美国对联合国事务的干预,甚至搞单边主义,原因是多方面的.既有历史的,也有现实的;既有客观的,也有主观的,是综合因素的结果.联合国改革和国际关系的民主化、多元化,终将遏制美国的霸权主义和单边主义.     

中国青少年犯罪演进的定量分析

上世纪90年代以来，青少年罪犯数量大幅度下降，近几年开始有所缓慢回升，青少年罪犯占全国罪犯总体的比例呈下降趋势，然而，青少年人口犯罪率居高不下，并呈上升趋势。由此我们看到反映青少年犯罪情况的两个代表性指标一一犯罪数量和人口犯罪率。影响青少年犯罪数量变化的主要因素是人口基数和青少年人口犯罪率，而后者更能够反映青少年个体及群体的越轨行为危险程度。我们在青少年犯罪预防决策和实务工作中更应当密切关注青少年人口犯罪率，同时重视青少年群体人口基数的变化。此外，从罪犯数量和人口犯罪率两个指标来看，未成年人与青年两个亚群体差异较为明显，因此青少年犯罪预防工作不能笼而统之，需要日益精细化、专业化。     

China and the Middle East

The exchanges between China and the Middle East are profound. In 500 B. C, the world-famous Silk Road was built. In 700 B. C, there were two great empires on the Asian Continent.     

专修学院学生思想动态及其分析

专修学院学生的思想状况比较复杂,认识问题的程度差异较大。本文通过问卷调查,找出学生思想变化的因素,并对其进行分析研究,以不断提高学生思想教育工作的成效。     

论邓小平宪政思想

邓小平的宪政思想对于现阶段我国的宪政建设具有重要的指导意义。宪法至上是邓小平宪政思想的前提。发展民主是邓小平宪政思想的主要内容。实行法治是邓小平宪政思想的核心原则。保障人权是邓小平宪政思想的目的。掌握并运用邓小平宪政思想的基本理论,对于我国目前正在进行的中国特色的宪政建设,具有不可忽视的重大意义。     

以人为本 科学立法——大连地方立法工作的实践与思考

自1986年享有地方立法权以来,大连市一直坚持以人为本、科学立法,经过20多年的实践,立法工作在经历了从无到有逐步走向成熟的同时,立法的质量和水平都有了较大的提升.     

关注贫困女大学生的心理问题及心理救助

贫困女大学生面对沉重的生存压力和日趋激烈的竞争环境,不仅物质生活困窘,其心理压力也十分值得关注。因此,了解这一特定群体身心发展的特点,在为贫困女大学生提供积极的经济帮助的同时,重视她们的心理问题及心理救助,加强对她们的心理健康教育,是高校教育工作者义不容辞的职责。     

骨缺损修复材料的研究现状

由肿瘤切除和创伤造成的骨缺损是日常医疗活动中常见的现象。目前,骨缺损修复的研究方向主要在骨缺损的材料上,从修复质量、免疫排斥和疾病传播等多方面来衡量,自体骨都是最佳的选择,成为骨移植的金标准。但由于供骨量有限,取骨又造成第二术区的创伤,因而它的临床应用受到了很大的限制。同种异体骨的来源比自体骨多,但与宿主间的免疫排斥反应和疾病传播是其缺点。异种骨的来源广泛,免疫原性性强、处理过程复杂和骨诱导性小是其不足之处。人工合成骨成型迅速,在计算机辅助设计和辅助制作的帮助下,能更好的合成与缺损骨形态接近的骨移植替代材料,人工合成骨的骨诱导性和仿生物性骨结构方面还不能令人满意。近年来复合骨移植和组织工程骨研究的快速发展给骨缺损修复带来了新的希望。用异体骨、异种骨或人工合成骨、金属钛网等作为支架,以富含原始骨细胞和骨生成因子的自体骨髓为填充材料修复骨缺损已取得相对满意的临床效果。组织工程骨则利用自体的原始骨细胞作为种子细胞在体外经过适当扩增,复合组织相容性好的支架材料和相关生长因子,植入体内后通过细胞分化和参与骨改建,最后形成新骨以修复骨缺损,但组织工程骨也面临着如何在骨内形成血管和神经如何支配的问题。总之,骨缺损修复材料研究的大方向为:最小的自体创伤;最大程度的仿自体骨,并不断接近自体骨的形态、结构和功能,朝着这个目标,人类的不懈努力,必将解决自身健康需要的复杂问题-修复骨缺损。     

Component analysis of illicit heroin samples with GC/MS and its application in source identification

A novel method based on GC/MS and GC for component analyses of seized illicit heroin was established by using SKF525A as an internal standard. The main components in illicit heroin products such as heroin, O3-acetylmorphine, monoacetylcodeine, and O6-acetylmorphine were determined quantitatively and the organic adulterants such as paracetamol, acetaminophen caffeine and theophylline were detected qualitatively using the developed method. With these obtained data, 500 seized illicit heroin samples were divided into nine groups. The decomposition pattern of heroin was studied. The dependencies of both the decomposition pattern and the content ratios of monoacetylcodeine to heroin and monoacetylcodeine to O6-acetylmorphine on the source of the seized illicit heroin were observed. This information was used to develop a novel method for its source identification. The examination results were in agreement with the practical cases, thus providing significant information for detection of criminal cases involving illicit heroin.